Chemical Analysis of Thermoluminescent Colorless Topaz Crystal Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geology of Sampling Area
2.2. Sample Characteristics
2.3. Experimental Arrangement
2.4. Theoretical Background
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Qualitative Analysis
3.2. Quantitative Analysis
3.2.1. Electron Temperature
3.2.2. Electron Number Density
3.2.3. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE)
3.2.4. Optically Thin Plasma
3.2.5. CF-LIBS Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Wavelength λ (nm) | Transition Probability A (s−1) | Statistical Weight (k) | Upper-Level Energy Ek (cm−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Al-I | 256.85 | 1.92 × 107 | 4 | 38,929.41 |
Al-I | 257.60 | 3.60 × 107 | 6 | 38,933.97 |
Al-I | 265.29 | 1.42 × 107 | 2 | 37,689.41 |
Al-I | 266.07 | 2.84 × 107 | 2 | 37,689.41 |
Al-I | 308.26 | 5.87 × 107 | 4 | 32,435.45 |
Al-I | 309.26 | 7.29 × 107 | 6 | 32,436.80 |
Element | Wavelength (nm) | Oscillator Strength f12 | MA | Dλ (mm) | 10Dλ (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si | 288.20 | 1.62 × 10–1 | 28.08 | 4.30 | ≈0.1 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
Al | 396.19 | 1.16 × 10–1 | 26.98 | 3.12 | ≈0.1 | 0.0006 | 0.006 |
Element | Wavelength λ (nm) | Transition Probability A (s−1) | Statistical Weight (k) | Upper-Level Energy Ek (cm−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Si-I | 250.73 | 5.47 × 107 | 5 | 39,955.05 |
Si-I | 251.66 | 1.68 × 108 | 5 | 39,955.05 |
Si-I | 251.97 | 5.49 × 107 | 3 | 39,760.28 |
Si-I | 252.45 | 2.22 × 108 | 1 | 39,683.16 |
Si-I | 252.89 | 9.04 × 107 | 3 | 39,760.28 |
Si-I | 263.15 | 1.06 × 108 | 3 | 53,387.33 |
Si-I | 288.21 | 2.17 × 108 | 3 | 40,991.88 |
Si-I | 298.78 | 2.66 × 106 | 3 | 39,760.28 |
Si-I | 390.55 | 1.33 × 107 | 3 | 40,991.88 |
Al-I | 257.60 | 3.60 × 107 | 6 | 38,933.97 |
Al-I | 266.07 | 2.84 × 107 | 2 | 37,689.41 |
Al-I | 396.19 | 9.85 × 107 | 2 | 25,347.76 |
Element | Wavelength λ (nm) | Number Density of Neutral Species | Number Density of Ionized Species | Sum of Number Densities of Neutral and Ionized Species (cm−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Si-I | 250.73 | 2.29 × 1016 | 3.67 × 1015 | 2.66 × 1016 |
Si-I | 251.66 | 1.89 × 1016 | 3.03 × 1015 | 2.19 × 1016 |
Si-I | 251.97 | 2.75 × 1016 | 4.40 × 1015 | 3.19 × 1016 |
Si-I | 252.45 | 2.79 × 1016 | 4.47 × 1015 | 3.24 × 1016 |
Si-I | 252.89 | 2.87 × 1016 | 4.59 × 1015 | 3.32 × 1016 |
Si-I | 263.15 | 1.12 × 1017 | 1.79 × 1016 | 1.30 × 1017 |
Si-I | 288.21 | 4.47 × 1016 | 7.16 × 1015 | 5.18 × 1016 |
Si-I | 298.78 | 2.04 × 1016 | 3.27 × 1015 | 2.37 × 1016 |
Si-I | 390.55 | 1.28 × 1016 | 2.06 × 1015 | 1.49 × 1016 |
Al-I | 257.60 | 5.63 × 1016 | 4.65 × 1015 | 6.09 × 1016 |
Al-I | 266.07 | 7.77 × 1016 | 6.42 × 1015 | 8.41 × 1016 |
Al-I | 396.19 | 4.77 × 1016 | 3.94 × 1015 | 5.17 × 1016 |
Element | Formula (Wt. %) [55] | CF-LIBS (Wt. %) | EDX (Wt. %) | Al/Si (Formula) | Al/Si (CF-LIBS) | Al/Si (EDX) | Relative Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 29.61 | 60.81 | 37.27 | 1.92 | 1.55 | 1.59 | 2.52 |
Si | 15.41 | 39.18 | 23.41 | ||||
O | 43.02 | - | 28.94 | ||||
F | 11.47 | - | 10.38 | ||||
Na | - | - | - | ||||
N | - | - | - | ||||
H | 0.50 | - | - |
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Abbasi, S.A.; Rafique, M.; Khan, T.M.; Khan, A.; Ahmad, N.; Faruque, M.R.I.; Khandaker, M.U.; Ahmad, P.; Saboor, A. Chemical Analysis of Thermoluminescent Colorless Topaz Crystal Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Minerals 2021, 11, 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11040367
Abbasi SA, Rafique M, Khan TM, Khan A, Ahmad N, Faruque MRI, Khandaker MU, Ahmad P, Saboor A. Chemical Analysis of Thermoluminescent Colorless Topaz Crystal Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Minerals. 2021; 11(4):367. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11040367
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbasi, Shahab Ahmed, Muhammad Rafique, Taj Muhammad Khan, Adnan Khan, Nasar Ahmad, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Pervaiz Ahmad, and Abdul Saboor. 2021. "Chemical Analysis of Thermoluminescent Colorless Topaz Crystal Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy" Minerals 11, no. 4: 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11040367