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Article

Purification and Phase Evolution Mechanism of Titanium Oxycarbide (TiCxOy) Produced by the Thermal Reduction of Ilmenite

by
Chunlin He
1,2,*,
Chunhui Zheng
1,
Wei Dai
1,
Toyohisa Fujita
1,2,
Jian Zhao
1,
Shaojian Ma
1,2,
Xinsheng Li
1,2,
Yuezhou Wei
1,2,3,
Jinlin Yang
1,2 and
Zongwu Wei
1,2
1
School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
2
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metal and Featured Materials, Nanning 530004, China
3
School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2021, 11(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020104
Submission received: 12 November 2020 / Revised: 3 January 2021 / Accepted: 15 January 2021 / Published: 21 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rare Metals Extraction and Processing)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The phase evolution mechanism and purification of titanium oxycarbide (TiCxOy) synthesized via the carbothermal reduction of ilmenite are investigated. The reaction process and products of the performed carbothermal reduction are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) and enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity (HSC) thermodynamic software. According to the shapes of Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 peaks in XPS spectra, together with the XRD analyses, the reduction products of TiO, TiCxOy or TiC can be judged. The phase evolution mechanism involves FeTi2O5, Ti2O3, Fe, TiO, TiCxOy and TiC under enhancing the content of carbon. The phase evolution law can be written as FeTiO3 → FeTi2O5 → Ti2O3 + Fe → TiO + Fe → TiCxOy + Fe. Due to the incomplete reduction state of TiCxOy, the ΔGθ of TiCxOy is detected between TiC and TiO. TiCxOy could be attained under reduction conditions of Ti:C, 1:3–1:4 in argon atmosphere at 1550 °C after 2 h. Grinding, flotation and magnetic separation processes displayed that C, TiCxOy and Fe are not dissociated until the particle size of −38 μm. TiCxOy and Fe can be separated by an iron-bath in a high temperature. 95.56% TiCxOy can be obtained, and resistance of TiCxOy is less than 0.05 Ω.

1. Introduction

Titanium and its alloys are important lightweight, structural and new functional materials [1,2] due to their excellent physical and chemical properties such as low density, high strength, high temperature stability and excellent corrosion resistance. Titanium is widely used in the aerospace, military and chemical industries, shipping, construction, sporting equipment, medical tools, biomedical and other civil fields; thus, it is known as the “The space of metal” and “Marine metal” [3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Titanium minerals include ilmenite, titanomagnetite, vanadium titanomagnetite and rutile [10,11]. At present, Kroll (magnesium thermal reduction) [12,13], Hunter (sodium thermal reduction) [14], FFC (Cambridge process) [15,16,17,18], OS (Ono Suzuki) [19], EMR/MSE (Electronically Mediated Reaction/Molten Salt Electrolysis) [20,21], PRP (preformed reduction process) [22] and USTB (University of Science and Technology Beijing) methodology [23,24,25] are the principal methods to prepare titanium metal. Among them, Kroll and Hunter methods have been industrialized for a long time. However, Kroll has the disadvantages of a complex process, large energy consumption, long production period, high cost and great environmental pollution, which greatly restricted the development and utilization of titanium. Hunter is a low-cost method for the production, transportation and storage of the reductant; however, it suffers from the disadvantages of the Hunter process with low recovery of Ti, poor castability of sponge titanium and high content of chlorine. Therefore, the whole cost of the Hunter method is relatively higher than that of the Koll method, and its industrial applications are limited.
A new electrolytic reduction procedure (USTB) was developed by Zhu Hongmin’s research team based on the refining of titanium by using Ti oxycarbides as the anode in 2005 [23,24,25,26]. This methodology significantly overcomes the aforementioned shortcomings such as exclusively improved efficiency, reduction of impurities and amelioration of the electrolytic quality of metallic titanium [27]. One of the key factors of the method is to produce highly qualified titanium oxycarbide (TiCxOy, x + y = 1) or TiCxO1−x (0 < x < 1). In the USTB, process the anode material is prepared via carbothermal reduction of pure TiO2 or from a sintering mixture of pure TiO2 and TiC [23,24,28,29,30,31]. Therefore, if titanium minerals could be directly reduced by carbothermal treatment to produce highly pure TiCxOy in the titanium enterprise and simultaneously carry out USTB process towards titanium, the total cost of the metal production would be significantly reduced, and the competitiveness of the enterprise can be significantly improved. TiCxOy is an intermediate during carbothermal reduction of ilmenite concentrates or ilmenite slag [32,33,34] in the presence of a certain amount of reductant and under a suitable temperature. Over the past decades, many works have been conducted on the mechanism and kinetics of the reduction of ilmenite, TiO2 and titanium slag [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43]. Most people focus on carbothermal reduction of ilmenite or titanium slag to prepare TiO2 or TiC, but they have not been concerned about the usage of TiCxOy in the production of metallic Ti. In addition, most of ilmenite is used to prepare TiO2 pigment by chloride process and sulphate process [10,44,45]. In the market, however, the price of titanium metal is three to five times more expensive than TiO2 pigment. In order to better enhance the value of ilmenite, preparation of TiCxOy from ilmenite is suggested for titanium enterprise.
Therefore, in our work, we focus on carbothermal reduction of ilmenite to prepare TiCxOy. Especially, the phase evolution mechanism was investigated by combination of thermodynamic analysis and the phase of reduction product. The ΔGθ of TiCxOy can be inferred from the reduction process of TiO or Ti2O3 (TiO/Ti2O3 → TiCxOy → TiC) through thermodynamic analysis. In addition, TiC is isomorphous with TiO. It is easy to misjudge the phase of reduction product only by XRD patterns, which were used widely [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43]. Because titanium in TiC and TiO shows distinct chemical affinity towards oxygen and carbon, the XPS was carried out through studying the Ti 2p binding energy of TiO and TiC to further clarify the phase of the reduction product and to determine the reliability of TiCxOy in the reduction product. And then general parameters of carbon’s ratio, reduction temperature and time are also studied. Thereafter, purification of TiCxOy is carried out by means of magnetic separation, acid leaching and iron-bath. This research can provide high-quality and front-end raw materials for the USTB process to furnish electrolysis of titanium from ilmenite, as an inexpensive substrate. This report provides basic parameters to reduce the cost of making titanium metal and improves the competitiveness of the existing enterprises.

2. Materials and Methods

The ilmenite concentrates were taken from Jin Mao Titanium Industry Company in Guangxi, China. Pure grade graphite powder was used as the reducing agent. The X-ray diffractometer pattern (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) of the ilmenite concentrate are shown in Figure 1a,b, respectively. The analysis results of X-ray fluorescence spectra (Shimadzu XRF-1800, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan; current 140 mA, voltage 60 kV; the standard used for XRF analysis is JY/T 016-1995) are described in Table 1. According to the XRD and EDS results in Figure 1, the main phase of the raw ore is ilmenite (FeTiO3). In addition, XRF findings showed that the contents of TiO2 and Fe2O3 in the sample are 44.18 and 45.74 wt %, respectively, and the main impurities are SiO2, MgO, Al2O3 and CaO.
Figure 2 depicts a flow diagram for the whole process. The mass of ilmenite concentrate was fixed at 10 g and the content of carbon was calculated according to the molar ratio of Ti:C, as calculated based on the mass of graphite powder. The graphite and ilmenite concentrate were ground in an agate mortar until mixed evenly and then, the sample was pressed by a tablet machine with the pressure of 8 MPa for 15 min. The diameter and height of the block sample after pressing were 20 and 10 mm, respectively. Then, the pressed sample was placed in a tubular furnace and reduced under an argon atmosphere (Section 3.1 and Section 3.2). After that, ball grinding along with flotation, magnetic separation, acid dissolution and separation by iron-bath were consecutively carried out (Section 3.4).
XRD (Rigaku D/MAX 2500V, Japan; Cu-Kα source, maximum voltage/current, 60 kV and 300 mA) was used to identify the phases of sample under the scanning speed of 10°/min and scanning angle of 10–90° (Section 3.1 and Section 3.2). The SEM and EDs of Phenom company (Phenom Pro 800-07334, Phenom-World Corporation, Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands) was used to investigate the microstructure of product (Section 3.1 and Section 3.4). An X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS, Thermo ESCALAB 250XI+, Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA) was applied to analyze Ti 2p states of TiO and TiC (Section 3.1.2), and then reveal distinct chemical affinity of Ti towards oxygen and carbon, and clarify the phase of the reduction product and determine the reliability of TiCxOy in the reduction product.
The possible reactions of ilmenite during carbon thermal reduction treatment were analyzed from the thermodynamic points of view. The reaction conditions were judged by calculating the changes of Gibbs function under the standard molar reactions (ΔGθ) at different temperatures by HSC Chemistry 6.0 [46,47] combined with the phase of carbothermic reduction (Section 3.3). Then the phase evolution mechanism was investigated by combination of thermodynamic analysis and the phase of reduction product.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Effect of Carbon Molar Ratio on the Carbothermal Reduction

3.1.1. Phase Analysis of the Reduced Products

The carbon molar ratio (Ti:C) in carbon thermal reduction was 1:0.25–1:7 (the mass fraction of carbon was 10.51–35.77%), as shown in Table 2. The reduction temperature was 1550 °C at the reduction time of 4 h. The XRD patterns of the reduction products under different carbon ratios are shown in Figure 3a–e. XRD patterns of the reduction product containing TiO, TiC and TiCxOy (samples 7–15 with the 2θ in the range of 41.7−42.5°) are shown in Figure 3f.
As shown in Figure 3a–e, FeTiO3 is firstly reduced to FeTi2O5 and Fe under the condition of low carbon ratio (No. 1). After increasing the ratio of Ti:C to 1:0.5 (No. 2), new phase of Ti2O3 was appeared, indicating further reduction of FeTi2O5 to Ti2O3. When Ti:C was developed to 1:0.75 (No. 3), the characteristic peak of FeTi2O5 was disappeared. Then, all FeTi2O5 was transformed into Ti2O3 and Fe as well as the appearance of TiO. As the ratio of carbon was continued to increase (No. 4), Ti2O3 was continually reduced to TiO, and the characteristic peak of TiO was enhanced in the XRD pattern. As carbon was further increased (No. 5–9), the characteristic peak of Ti2O3 was decreased and TiO characteristic peak at 42° was inclined, confirming that Ti2O3 has been gradually transformed to TiO with the appearance of characteristic peaks in the 2θ range of 42.48–42.56°. When the Ti:C ratio was 1:3, the characteristic peak at the 2θ of 42.42° moved slightly to 42.19°, indicating that a new object phase of TiCxOy has been appeared [33,34,48,49]. Figure 3e shows that the 2θ values of the reduction product was continuously decreased with the growth of carbon content, proofing that carbon has been increased and oxygen is decreased in TiCxOy, until the Ti:C ratio of 1:5 and appearance of the characteristic peak of carbon at the 2θ of 26°. After that, the peak at 41.7° was stable and TiCxOy was completely reduced to TiC.
From Figure 3f, it can be seen that the characteristic peak position of the reduction products of samples No. 7–9 is similar to the characteristic peaks of TiO (at the 2θ range of 42.56–42.19°), while those of samples No. 13–15 were due to TiC at the 2θ range of 41.76–41.66°. Moreover, observation of peaks in the 2θ range of 42.42 and 41.7° for the reduction product of samples No. 10 to 12 indicated the TiCxOy phase. Normally, the greater 2θ, the larger oxygen content in TiCxOy. TiCxOy, with the enhanced carbon content, was gradually reduced by increasing the carbon ratio.
According to the amount of carbon, the order of products in carbothermal reduction reaction was FeTiO3 → FeTi2O5 → Ti2O3 + Fe → TiO + Fe → TiCxOy + Fe → TiC + Fe. The results here, however, show a difference from references [27,32,33,34]. The result of Gao et al. [27] show that the reduction sequence of FeTiO3 was FeTiO3 → TinO2n−1 + Fe → Ti2O3 + Fe → TiCxOy + Fe → TiC + Fe. TiO did not appear. The result of Gou et al. [33,34] is similar with Gao, and TiO also did not appear. This may be due to that different experimental conditions, and also the reduction product was detected only by XRD, which would lead to misjudgment of phase. TiC is isomorphous with TiO and TiCxOy [50]. Therefore, to further clarify the phase of the reduction product and determine the reliability of TiO, TiC and TiCxOy in the reduction product, Ti 2p binding energy was measured.

3.1.2. XPS Analysis of the Reduction Products

It is well-known that TiC is isomorphous with TiO [50] and titanium in both shows distinct chemical affinity towards oxygen and carbon. In order to further clarify the phase of the reduction product and determine the reliability of TiCxOy in the reduction product, Ti 2p binding energy of pure TiO, TiC and Ti2O3 reagents were independently measured. Then, TiC and TiO were mixed in a 1:1 mole ratio and changes of the Ti 2p binding energy in the mixtures were monitored before and after sintering at 1550 °C for 4 h. Ti 2p binding energies of the reduction product of samples No.8–14 were, then, analyzed to determine the characteristics of TiCxOy. The optimal carbon ratio for the preparation of TiCxOy was clearly obtained via comparison with the Ti 2p of the pure reagents.
(1) XPS Spectra of Pure Reagents
Figure 4a,b shows the XPS spectra of Ti 2p for TiO and Ti2O3 pure reagents. The XPS spectra of the reduction product of sample No. 3 (Ti:C ratio of 1:0.75) are shown in Figure 4c.
As Figure 4a,b show, there are two distinct peaks that were precisely fitted to form two splitting doublets. The doublets located at 464.17–464.38 eV and 458.45–458.61 eV are typically attributed to Ti 2p1/2 and Ti 2p3/2 of Ti-O, respectively [50,51]. The Ti 2p peak positions of TiO and Ti2O3 were almost the same. Figure 4c depicts that the Ti 2p peak of Ti2O3 in the reduction product was the same as for pure Ti2O3, indicating that Ti2O3 obtained by the reduction process is comparable to pure Ti2O3 reagent. Ti 2p peaks of pure TiO and TiC are also displayed in Figure 5a. Figure 5b shows the Ti 2p peaks in a mixture of TiC and TiO (1:1 mole ratio) before and after sintering at 1550 °C for 4 h. As shown in Figure 5a, Ti 2p peaks of TiC and TiO have different characteristic peak-positions. The peaks positioned at 455.25 and 458.48 eV are typically attributed to Ti 2p3/2 of TiC and TiO, respectively. Whereas, the peaks located at 461.12 and 464.17 eV are attributed to Ti 2p1/2 of TiC and TiO, respectively [50,52,53,54,55]. Therefore, the Ti 2p peaks can be used to distinguish TiO and TiC.
As can be seen from Figure 5b, Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 of the mixture of TiC and TiO (1:1 mole ratio) are different before and after sintering, such that the peak of Ti 2p before sintering is low on the left and high on the right; whereas this peak was high on the left and low on the right after 4 h sintering, confirming that TiCxOy solid solution would be formed after sintering. Therefore, according to the shape of Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 combined with the result of XRD, it can be judged whether the reduction product is TiO, TiCxOy or TiC. Subsequently, Ti 2p peaks can be utilized to determine the characteristics of TiO and TiC.
(2) XPS Spectra of the Reduction Products of Samples No. 9–14
The Ti 2P spectra of the reduction products of samples No. 9–14 are shown in Figure 6a–f, respectively. If the phase in No. 9 be judged only from the XRD characteristic peak at the 2θ value of 42.42°, then the main phases would be Fe, Ti2O3 and TiO. However, from analysis of Ti 2P in Figure 6a, it can be envisaged that the Ti 2p3/2 of TiC also appears at 455.43 eV (Ti-C), indicating that TiCxOy would be the reduction product when Ti:C is 1:2.5. The shape of Ti 2P spectra in Figure 6b–d is similar to that in Figure 5b, and Ti 2p3/2 peak of TiC has been obviously appeared at 455.06, 455.20 and 455.30 eV, indicating that TiCxOy is the main reduction product of samples 10–12. When Ti:C ratio is 1:3, 1:3.5 and 1:4, the reduction product is TiCxOy and Fe. The shape of Ti 2P spectra in Figure 6e,f is similar to that of pure TiC reagent and Ti 2p3/2 peak of TiC is prominent. When Ti:C ratio is 1:5 and 1:6, all titanium content is reduced to TiC.
In conclusion, XPS results for Ti 2p combined with XRD outputs confirmed that TiO, TiC and TiCxOy are the main products of carbon thermal reduction process. In practice, the ratio of Ti:C should be controlled in the range of 1:3–1:4 in the production of TiCxOy via carbothermal reduction of ilmenite at 1550 °C.

3.2. Effects of Temperature and Time on the Carbothermal Reduction

Figure 7 shows effect of temperature on the carbothermal reduction at 1300, 1400, 1500, and 1550 °C with the Ti:C ratio of 1:3 and the reduction holding time of 2 h. This Figure confirms that increasing the reduction temperature is helpful in the case of ilmenite. When the reduction temperature is 1400–1500 °C, parts of Ti2O3 have not been reduced to TiCxOy, and the characteristic XRD peak of carbon is still obvious. However, carbon and Ti2O3 react completely at the reduction temperature of 1550 °C and TiCxOy as well as Fe are the main produced phases of the reduction process. Figure 7b shows effect of the reduction time (0.5–4 h) on the carbothermal performance. Parts of Ti2O3 are still not reduced at the holding time of 0.5 and 1 h. However, Ti2O3 was reduced to TiCxOy after the holding time of 2 h. Carbon and CO diffuse to the surface of Ti2O3 by enhancing the reduction time and reduction of Ti2O3 will be improved.
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) of the carbon thermal reduction products (No. 10, Ti:C of 1:3, reduction time of 4 h) are shown in Figure 8a,b.
The material with a spherical shape was attained, as shown in Figure 8a. Furthermore, the EDS results confirmed a spherical product composed of mostly metallic iron along with a small amount of Ti, C and O. In a high reduction temperature, iron was gathered to form a droplet and grown up into a ball shape. As Figure 8b show, an aggregated morphology was achieved for the particles of the reduction product and the surface of particles is mainly Ti, C and O with a small amount of impurity elements of Fe, Mg, Ca, Mg, Al, Mg and Si. According to the atomic percentage and results of XRD and XPS, the main aggregated particles are TiCxOy.

3.3. Discussion on the Reduction Mechanism

According to the phase of the reduction product, possible reactions between graphite and ilmenite are depicted in Equations (1)–(12). In the case of solid carbon (C) as reductant, the possible reactions of ilmenite carbothermal reduction can be written as Equations (1)–(6). When CO used as the reducing agent, the carbothermal reduction reactions can be shown as Equations (7) and (8).
In order to understand the evolvement of carbon thermal reduction of ilmenite, the reaction mechanism was studied by consideration of the impact of temperature and Gibbs free energy (ΔGθ) of the process via HSC Chemistry 6.0 software. The relationship between ΔGθ and temperature (25–1600 °C) for the reactions of (1) to (12) is shown in Figure 9. Since there is no reported thermodynamic data on TiCxOy in HSC software, the ΔGθ of TiCxOy cannot be obtained directly. The phase change in the reduction process is TiO/Ti2O3 → TiCxOy → TiC. Therefore, ΔGθ of TiCxOy can be inferred from the reduction process of TiO or Ti2O3.
2FeTiO3 + C → Fe + FeTi2O5 + CO
FeTi2O5 + 2C → Fe + Ti2O3 + 2CO
FeTi2O5 + 3C → Fe + 2TiO + 3CO
Ti2O3 + C → 2TiO + CO
TiO + 2C → TiC + CO
Ti2O3 + 5C → 2TiC + 3CO
2FeTiO3 + CO → Fe + FeTi2O5 + CO2
FeTi2O5 + 2CO → Fe + Ti2O3 + 2CO2
FeTi2O5 + 3CO → Fe + 2TiO + 3CO2
Ti2O3 + CO → 2TiO + CO2
TiO + 3CO → TiC + 2CO2
Ti2O3 + 7CO → 2TiC + 5CO2
Figure 9a,b describe that ΔGθ of Equations (1)–(9) become more negative as the temperature increases and the driving force of the reduction reaction was greatly enhanced with temperature. Equations (10)–(12) would not happen because of the positive ΔGθ at the temperature range of 25 to 1600 °C. Therefore, TiO and Ti2O3 cannot be reduced to TiC by CO. Figure 9c shows that solid carbon, CO and CO2 exist in reduction process and carbon can be converted to CO and CO2. Furthermore, diffusion of CO can improve the reduction process.
As shown in Figure 9a, when the temperature reached above 725, 775, and 925 °C, the ΔGθ of Equations (1)–(3) was less than zero, thus, the reduction of FeTiO3 and FeTi2O5 was favored and FeTi2O5, Ti2O3 and TiO were the chief products. When the temperature was higher than 1175 and 1325 °C, the ΔGθ of Equations (5) and (6) was negative, therefore, TiO and Ti2O3 were reduced to TiC based on the amount of carbon. In the case of higher temperatures above 1600 °C, Ti2O3 can be reduced to TiO based on Equation (4). Although Equation (4) cannot perform at the reduction temperature of 1550 °C. Figure 9d shows that Ti2O3 has a stronger thermodynamic stability than TiO, therefore Ti2O3 cannot be reduced to TiO by carbon at this temperature.
As shown in Figure 9b, when the temperature is above 818 °C, the ΔGθ of Equation (8) is less than zero and Equation (8) begins to accelerate the reduction of FeTi2O5 to produce Ti2O3. In addition, at the temperatures above 1170 °C, ΔGθ of Equation (7) is negative. However, the absolute value of ΔGθ is very small and the reaction driving force may be small. When the temperature is higher than 1373 °C, the ΔGθ of Equation (9) is less than zero and Equation (9) starts to accelerate the reduction of FeTi2O5 into Fe and TiO.
In conclusion, in the early and middle stages of carbothermal reduction of FeTiO3, solid carbon and CO participate in the reduction process and Ti2O3 content can be mainly affected by Equations (2), (6) and (8) with the increase of carbon ratio and TiO comes chiefly from Equations (3) and (9). When Ti:C is 1:2.5, Equations (3) and (9) are prominent for the production of TiO. By controlling the Ti:C ratio in the range of 1:3−1:4, the main reduction reaction in late stage is TiO/Ti2O3 + C → TiCxOy + CO and the ΔGθ of TiCxOy is between TiC and TiO. In the late stage of the process, the reaction to generate TiCxOy or TiC is mainly caused by solid carbon. According to the amount of carbon, the order of products in carbothermal reduction reaction is FeTiO3 → FeTi2O5 → Ti2O3 + Fe → TiO + Fe → TiCxOy + Fe → TiC + Fe.

3.4. Purification Experiments

3.4.1. Flotation and Magnetic Separation

300 g of the reduction products was obtained at 1550 °C with the Ti:C ratio of 1:3 and, then, was grinded by a ball mill for 60 min, screening as −0.074 μm +50 μm, −50 μm +38 μm and −38 μm. Thereafter, kerosene floatation was carried out for decarburization and magnetic separation of Fe. The product yields of flotation and magnetic separation are shown in Table 3. The XRD phase of product in each process is shown in Figure 10.
It can be seen from Table 3 that the flotation yield of zero is attained with the particle size of −0.074 μm +50 μm and −50 μm +38 μm. The yields of 99.4 and 100% were, respectively, attained for magnetic materials with the particle size of −0.074 μm +50 μm and −50 μm +38 μm, respectively. In addition, the yields of 0.6 and 0% were gained for nonmagnetic materials, respectively. Figure 10a shows that the magnetic materials are TiCxOy and Fe. The yield of foam and nonmagnetic product was increased to 8 and 34.99%, respectively, after flotation and magnetic separation with the particle size of −38 μm. The flotation bubbles are C, CaCO3, MgAl2O4, CaAl2O6, Fe and TiCxOy (Figure 10b). Therefore, it can be concluded that TiCxOy, iron and residual carbon were not dissociated until the particle size of −38 μm. The nonmagnetic material contains TiCxOy, CaCO3, MgAl2O4, CaAl2O6 and C. In a high temperature, calcium was combined with CO2 to form CaCO3. In addition, magnesium, aluminum and calcium can be combined with oxygen to form MgAl2O4 and CaAl2O6. After magnetic separation, iron was basically removed, and TiCxOy with less impurity was obtained. SEM-EDS (Figure 11) shows that Ca content is higher than other impurities in the sample.

3.4.2. Acid Dissolution in Removing of Impurities

After flotation and magnetic separation, TiCxOy had still a little impurity of Fe, CaCO3, MgAl2O4 and CaAl2O6. Especially, CaCO3 and Fe were high in TiCxOy. Acid dissolution was performed in order to remove the impurities.
Effects of hydrochloric and nitric acids on the dissolution of impurities in TiCxOy are shown in Table 4. Moreover, the XRD pattern and SEM-EDS of products are also shown in Figure 12. The mass of TiCxOy was 1.5 g, the acid volume was 10 mL, the acid concentration was 2 mol/L, the temperature was 25 °C, the acid dissolution reaction time was 2 h, and the stirring speed was fixed at 150 r/min.
As shown in Table 4, the content of impurities in TiCxOy products before acid solution treatment was as high as 12.37%. Whereas, the content of impurity was reduced to 6.36 and 4.56% after treating with nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, respectively. The content of Ca and Fe impurity elements were decreased obviously after acid dissolution. Figure 12 shows that the characteristic peak of CaCO3 has been disappeared, indicating that CaCO3 in TiCxOy can be effectively removed by hydrochloric and nitric acid dissolution. The rest of Ca, Mg and Si in the form of MgAl2O4 and Ca3Al2O3 were hardly removed by acid dissolution. But, the overall content of Mg, Al, Si, Ca and Fe impurities in the titanium dioxide products showed a downward trend after being washed with acid solution.

3.4.3. Removal of Fe by Iron-Bath

After magnetic separation, there are still a lot of TiCxOy and Fe in the magnetism part. In order to recovery of TiCxOy and Fe, a method of iron-bath was applied in a high temperature to remove Fe. Because of their different smelt point and density, TiCxOy would be floated on the liquid iron surface and iron would smelt in an iron-bath, therefore, can be separated from TiCxOy. The temperature of iron-bath was 1600 °C, and the time was 30 min under an argon atmosphere. After separation of Fe and the floated slag, the floated slag was grinded and purified by magnetic separation acid dissolution. Both of Fe and the floated slag were analyzed by XRD, as shown in Figure 13. TiCxOy and Fe were separated, and the floated slag was TiCxOy with a little impurity of Ca, Mg and Al. Resistance of TiCxOy is less than 0.05 Ω.

4. Conclusions

(1) Ilmenite (FeTiO3) can be completely reduced to TiCxOy and Fe with the carbon content of 22.92–29.95% (Ti:C, 1:3–1:4) at 1550℃ and the reduction holding time of 2 h. Combining the XPS results of Ti with the phase analyses based on XRD experiments, the carbothermal reduction products TiO, TiC and TiCxOy can be thoroughly distinguished. At 1550 °C, the carbothermal reduction of ilmenite was gradually performed as FeTiO3 → FeTi2O5 → Ti2O3 + Fe → TiO + Fe → TiCxOy + Fe → TiC + Fe. The reaction thermodynamics and phase analysis show that the whole reduction process is principally involved the solid carbon and that the reduction capacity of CO is weak to produce TiCxOy. Due to the incomplete reduction state of TiCxOy, the ΔGθ of TiCxOy is between TiC and TiO. In addition, the higher temperature leads to the shorter reduction time.
(2) Grinding, flotation and magnetic separation confirm that C, TiCxOy and Fe are not dissociated until the particle size of −38 μm. The CaCO3 content in TiCxOy can be effectively removed by hydrochloric and nitric acid dissolution. TiCxOy and Fe can be easily separated by an iron bath at a high temperature, and the float slag consists of TiCxOy together with a little impurity of Ca, Mg and Al. Resistance of TiCxOy is less than 0.05 Ω.
(3) In general, this research obtains the optimal conditions for the production of TiCxOy by carbothermal reduction from ilmenite, provides a beneficiation-metallurgy process for purification of reduction TiCxOy, and expands the application of ilmenite, provides basic parameters to reduce the cost of making titanium metal and improves the competitiveness of the existing enterprises.

Author Contributions

Methodology, C.H., W.D. and X.L.; writing—original draft preparation W.D. and C.H.; writing—review and editing, C.H. and C.Z.; investigation, C.Z. and J.Z.; conceptualization, S.M. and J.Y.; project administration, Y.W., T.F. and Z.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi Province, grant number AA18118030, Natural Science Foundation Guangxi Province, grant number 2018GXNSFAA281337, and the Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number NSFC 51804084, 51774099.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to that this is also an enterprise industrialization project.

Acknowledgments

We want to acknowledge the support of Jin Mao Titanium Industry Company in Guangxi, China and Kaituo Wang for his advice.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Figure 1. (a) XRD pattern and (b) EDS analysis of the ilmenite sample.
Figure 1. (a) XRD pattern and (b) EDS analysis of the ilmenite sample.
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Figure 2. Flow diagram of the whole process.
Figure 2. Flow diagram of the whole process.
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Minerals 11 00104 g003a 550Minerals 11 00104 g003b 550
Figure 3. XRD patterns of the reduction products of (a) 1–2, (b) 3–4, (c) 5–7, and (d) 8–10, (e) 11–15; (f) XRD patterns with partial amplifications for the reduction products (7–15).
Figure 3. XRD patterns of the reduction products of (a) 1–2, (b) 3–4, (c) 5–7, and (d) 8–10, (e) 11–15; (f) XRD patterns with partial amplifications for the reduction products (7–15).
Minerals 11 00104 g003aMinerals 11 00104 g003b
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Figure 4. The Ti 2p2/3 and Ti 2p1/2 spectra of (a) TiO, (b) Ti2O3 and (c) reduction product with Ti:C, 1:0.75.
Figure 4. The Ti 2p2/3 and Ti 2p1/2 spectra of (a) TiO, (b) Ti2O3 and (c) reduction product with Ti:C, 1:0.75.
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Minerals 11 00104 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) Ti 2P spectra of pure TiO and TiC reagents, (b) Ti 2P spectra of a mixture of TiO and TiC (molar ratio of 1:1) before and after sintering (1550 °C under argon for 4 h sintering).
Figure 5. (a) Ti 2P spectra of pure TiO and TiC reagents, (b) Ti 2P spectra of a mixture of TiO and TiC (molar ratio of 1:1) before and after sintering (1550 °C under argon for 4 h sintering).
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Figure 6. Ti 2P binding energy spectra (a–f) of the reduction product of samples 9–14 with different carbon contents.
Figure 6. Ti 2P binding energy spectra (a–f) of the reduction product of samples 9–14 with different carbon contents.
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Figure 7. (a) XRD patterns of the reduction products of ilmenite at different temperatures; (b) XRD patterns of the reduction products of ilmenite at different times (1550 °C, Ti:C ratio of 1:3).
Figure 7. (a) XRD patterns of the reduction products of ilmenite at different temperatures; (b) XRD patterns of the reduction products of ilmenite at different times (1550 °C, Ti:C ratio of 1:3).
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Figure 8. (a) SEM-EDS of the spherical shape reduction product; (b) SEM-EDS of the aggregated particles (EDS: atomic concentration). Scale bar (b): 8 μm.
Figure 8. (a) SEM-EDS of the spherical shape reduction product; (b) SEM-EDS of the aggregated particles (EDS: atomic concentration). Scale bar (b): 8 μm.
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Figure 9. Correlation of ΔGθ with temperature. (a) ΔGθ − T for Equations (1)–(6); (b) ΔGθ−T for Equations (7)–(12); (c) ΔGθ−T for carbon system; (d) ΔGθ − T for TiO and Ti2O3.
Figure 9. Correlation of ΔGθ with temperature. (a) ΔGθ − T for Equations (1)–(6); (b) ΔGθ−T for Equations (7)–(12); (c) ΔGθ−T for carbon system; (d) ΔGθ − T for TiO and Ti2O3.
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Figure 10. (a) XRD of magnetic separation product (particle size: −50 μm + 38 μm); (b) XRD patterns of the flotation product and the magnetic and the nonmagnetic parts (particle size: −38 μm).
Figure 10. (a) XRD of magnetic separation product (particle size: −50 μm + 38 μm); (b) XRD patterns of the flotation product and the magnetic and the nonmagnetic parts (particle size: −38 μm).
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Figure 11. SEM-EDS of nonmagnetic part (EDS: atomic concentration). Scale bar: 8 μm.
Figure 11. SEM-EDS of nonmagnetic part (EDS: atomic concentration). Scale bar: 8 μm.
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Figure 12. XRD patterns of products after removal of impurities by hydrochloric and nitric acids.
Figure 12. XRD patterns of products after removal of impurities by hydrochloric and nitric acids.
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Figure 13. XRD patterns of iron and floated slag.
Figure 13. XRD patterns of iron and floated slag.
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Table
Table 1. The main chemical composition of ilmenite concentrate (wt %).
Table 1. The main chemical composition of ilmenite concentrate (wt %).
Chemical CompositionTFeFe2O3SiO2TiO2MnOMgOAl2O3CaO
Content21.345.743.4644.181.062.141.071.07
Table
Table 2. Titanium and carbon ratio.
Table 2. Titanium and carbon ratio.
12345678910
n(Ti):n(C)1:0.251:0.51:0.751:11:1.251:1.51:1.751:.21:2.51:3
Mass/%10.5111.8113.0714.2915.4716.6317.7518.8420.9422.92
1112131415
n(Ti):n(C)1:3.51:41:51:61:7
Mass/%24.8126.6129.9532.9935.77
Table
Table 3. Flotation and magnetic separation product yield under different particle sizes (%).
Table 3. Flotation and magnetic separation product yield under different particle sizes (%).
Particle Size−0.074 μm + 50 μm−50 μm + 38 μm−38 μm
Product
Flotation Foam (Carbon-Bearing Part)008.01
Flotation Tailings (TiCxOy, Fe)10010091.99
Magnetic Separation (Non-Magnetic)0.6034.99
Magnetic Separation (Magnetism)99.410057
Table
Table 4. The content (wt %) of main elements before and after dissolution of impurities with different acids.
Table 4. The content (wt %) of main elements before and after dissolution of impurities with different acids.
ElementCaFeMgAlSiTotal Impurity
Before Acid Dissolution5.033.651.051.900.7512.37
Acid Dissolution: HNO31.122.111.081.790.266.36
Acid Dissolution: HCl1.050.271.161.770.324.56
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He, C.; Zheng, C.; Dai, W.; Fujita, T.; Zhao, J.; Ma, S.; Li, X.; Wei, Y.; Yang, J.; Wei, Z. Purification and Phase Evolution Mechanism of Titanium Oxycarbide (TiCxOy) Produced by the Thermal Reduction of Ilmenite. Minerals 2021, 11, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020104

AMA Style

He C, Zheng C, Dai W, Fujita T, Zhao J, Ma S, Li X, Wei Y, Yang J, Wei Z. Purification and Phase Evolution Mechanism of Titanium Oxycarbide (TiCxOy) Produced by the Thermal Reduction of Ilmenite. Minerals. 2021; 11(2):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020104

Chicago/Turabian Style

He, Chunlin, Chunhui Zheng, Wei Dai, Toyohisa Fujita, Jian Zhao, Shaojian Ma, Xinsheng Li, Yuezhou Wei, Jinlin Yang, and Zongwu Wei. 2021. "Purification and Phase Evolution Mechanism of Titanium Oxycarbide (TiCxOy) Produced by the Thermal Reduction of Ilmenite" Minerals 11, no. 2: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020104

APA Style

He, C., Zheng, C., Dai, W., Fujita, T., Zhao, J., Ma, S., Li, X., Wei, Y., Yang, J., & Wei, Z. (2021). Purification and Phase Evolution Mechanism of Titanium Oxycarbide (TiCxOy) Produced by the Thermal Reduction of Ilmenite. Minerals, 11(2), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020104

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