Identifying the Differences in Symmetry of the Anthropometric Parameters of the Upper Limbs in Relation to Manual Laterality between Athletes Who Practice Sports with and without a Ball
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. General Information about Asymmetries in Sports
1.2. Specific Information on Asymmetries in Sports That Involve the Use and Non-Use of Implements with the Hands
1.3. Statement of the Problem, Where the Problematic Situation Is Clearly Identified and the Importance of this Study Is Justified
1.4. Objectives of this Study and Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Measures
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- Height—the distance between the vertex and the level of the sole (support surface) in the orthostatic position.
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- Upper limb length—the distance between the acromion and the dactylion in the orthostatic position with the upper limb in maximum extension.
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- Hand length—the distance between the styloid line and the dactylion.
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- Palm length—the distance between the styloid line and the proximal phalanges between the middle and ring finger.
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- Hand breadth—the direct distance from the most lateral point on the head of the second metacarpal to the most medial point on the head of the fifth metacarpal.
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- Hand span—the distance between the proximal phalanges of the pinky finger and the distal phalanges of the thumb, with the fingers being brought to the maximum angles.
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- Pinky finger—the distance between the proximal phalanges and distal phalanges of the pinky finger.
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- Ring finger—the distance between the proximal phalanges and distal phalanges of the ring finger.
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- Middle finger—the distance between the proximal phalanges and distal phalanges of the middle finger.
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- Index finger—the distance between the proximal phalanges and distal phalanges of the index finger.
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- Thumb—the distance between the proximal phalanges and distal phalanges of the thumb.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussions
Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Group | Side | Minimum | Maximum | X | SD | Variance | Kurtosis | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper limb length | G_NBS | Right | 69.00 | 79.00 | 74.004 | 3.141 | 9.867 | −1.110 | 4.24 |
Left | 68.00 | 80.00 | 74.071 | 3.296 | 10.867 | −0.766 | 4.45 | ||
G_BS | Right | 74.00 | 86.00 | 80.063 | 3.569 | 12.740 | −1.014 | 4.46 | |
Left | 74.00 | 87.00 | 80.317 | 3.941 | 15.533 | −0.999 | 4.91 | ||
Hand length | G_NBS | Right | 17.10 | 21.60 | 18.509 | 1.298 | 1.686 | 0.538 | 7.01 |
Left | 17.00 | 21.50 | 18.449 | 1.167 | 1.362 | 1.258 | 6.33 | ||
G_BS | Right | 18.00 | 21.50 | 19.579 | 1.178 | 1.387 | −1.436 | 6.02 | |
Left | 18.00 | 21.60 | 19.525 | 1.138 | 1.296 | −1.402 | 5.83 | ||
Palm length | G_NBS | Right | 9.60 | 12.00 | 10.976 | 0.741 | 0.549 | −0.872 | 6.75 |
Left | 9.50 | 12.100 | 11.000 | 0.766 | 0.586 | −0.945 | 6.96 | ||
G_BS | Right | 11.00 | 13.00 | 11.880 | 0.653 | 0.427 | −0.920 | 5.50 | |
Left | 11.10 | 13.10 | 11.854 | 0.638 | 0.407 | −0.706 | 5.38 | ||
Hand breadth | G_NBS | Right | 6.80 | 9.00 | 7.759 | 0.724 | 0.525 | −1.293 | 9.33 |
Left | 6.70 | 9.10 | 7.754 | 0.730 | 0.533 | −1.274 | 9.41 | ||
G_BS | Right | 7.10 | 9.50 | 8.372 | 0.666 | 0.444 | −0.731 | 7.96 | |
Left | 7.20 | 9.50 | 8.371 | 0.656 | 0.430 | −0.623 | 7.84 | ||
Hand span | G_NBS | Right | 18.00 | 22.00 | 19.842 | 1.205 | 1.452 | −0.815 | 6.07 |
Left | 18.00 | 22.50 | 19.878 | 1.276 | 1.629 | −0.502 | 6.42 | ||
G_BS | Right | 20.00 | 25.50 | 22.171 | 1.738 | 3.022 | −1.050 | 7.84 | |
Left | 20.10 | 25.00 | 22.172 | 1.688 | 2.850 | −0.989 | 7.61 | ||
Pinky finger | G_NBS | Right | 5.10 | 6.40 | 5.589 | 0.360 | 0.129 | 0.116 | 6.44 |
Left | 5.20 | 6.50 | 5.592 | 0.378 | 0.143 | 0.209 | 6.76 | ||
G_BS | Right | 5.50 | 7.00 | 6.263 | 0.439 | 0.193 | −1.091 | 7.01 | |
Left | 5.60 | 7.20 | 6.223 | 0.462 | 0.213 | −0.644 | 7.42 | ||
Ring finger | G_NBS | Right | 6.10 | 7.80 | 7.111 | 0.491 | 0.241 | −0.783 | 6.90 |
Left | 6.20 | 7.90 | 7.124 | 0.491 | 0.241 | −0.995 | 6.89 | ||
G_BS | Right | 6.50 | 8.10 | 7.523 | 0.452 | 0.205 | −0.198 | 6.01 | |
Left | 6.60 | 8.20 | 7.504 | 0.447 | 0.200 | −0.218 | 5.96 | ||
Middle finger | G_NBS | Right | 6.60 | 8.30 | 7.348 | 0.471 | 0.222 | −0.884 | 6.41 |
Left | 6.80 | 8.20 | 7.356 | 0.436 | 0.190 | −0.689 | 5.93 | ||
G_BS | Right | 7.20 | 8.80 | 8.056 | 0.505 | 0.255 | −1.090 | 6.27 | |
Left | 7.10 | 8.80 | 8.029 | 0.496 | 0.246 | −0.735 | 6.18 | ||
Index finger | G_NBS | Right | 6.20 | 7.50 | 6.738 | 0.388 | 0.150 | −0.804 | 5.76 |
Left | 6.20 | 7.60 | 6.740 | 0.365 | 0.134 | 0.097 | 5.42 | ||
G_BS | Right | 6.60 | 8.10 | 7.322 | 0.473 | 0.224 | −1.043 | 6.46 | |
Left | 6.50 | 8.00 | 7.300 | 0.457 | 0.209 | −1.065 | 6.26 | ||
Thumb | G_NBS | Right | 4.80 | 6.50 | 5.422 | 0.369 | 0.136 | 1.779 | 6.81 |
Left | 4.70 | 6.60 | 5.401 | 0.353 | 0.125 | 2.842 | 6.54 | ||
G_BS | Right | 5.40 | 6.70 | 5.948 | 0.403 | 0.163 | −1.127 | 6.78 | |
Left | 5.30 | 6.60 | 5..919 | 0.414 | 0.171 | −1.398 | 6.99 |
Parameters | Group | Side | Mean | SD | ΔX | SD | 95% CI | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||||
Upper limb length | G_NBS | Right | 74.004 | 3.141 | −0.067 | 0.406 | −0.156 | 0.022 | −1.498 | 0.138 |
Left | 74.071 | 3.296 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 80.063 | 3.569 | −0.253 | 0.524 | −0.371 | −0.136 | −4.292 | <0.001 | |
Left | 80.317 | 3.941 | ||||||||
Hand length | G_NBS | Right | 18.509 | 1.298 | 0.060 | 0.321 | −0.011 | 0.130 | 1.685 | 0.096 |
Left | 18.449 | 1.167 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 19.579 | 1.138 | 0.053 | 0.212 | 0.006 | 0.101 | 2.232 | 0.028 | |
Left | 19.525 | 0.653 | ||||||||
Palm length | G_NBS | Right | 10.976 | 0.741 | −0.024 | 0.108 | −0.048 | −0.001 | −2.038 | 0.045 |
Left | 11.000 | 0.766 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 11.880 | 0.653 | 0.025 | 0.110 | 0.001 | 0.050 | 2.040 | 0.045 | |
Left | 11.854 | 0.638 | ||||||||
Hand breadth | G_NBS | Right | 7.759 | 0.724 | 0.005 | 0.038 | −0.004 | 0.013 | 1.157 | 0.251 |
Left | 7.754 | 0.730 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 8.372 | 0.666 | 0.001 | 0.038 | −0.007 | 0.010 | 0.300 | 0.765 | |
Left | 8.371 | 0.656 | ||||||||
Hand span | G_NBS | Right | 19.842 | 1.205 | −0.037 | 0.131 | −0.065 | −0.008 | −2.529 | 0.113 |
Left | 19.878 | 1.276 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 22.171 | 1.738 | −0.001 | 0.164 | −0.038 | 0.036 | −0.068 | 0.946 | |
Left | 22.172 | 1.688 | ||||||||
Pinky finger | G_NBS | Right | 5.589 | 0.360 | −0.002 | 0.035 | −0.010 | 0.005 | −0.630 | 0.530 |
Left | 5.592 | 0.378 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 6.263 | 0.439 | 0.041 | 0.094 | 0.019 | 0.062 | 3.827 | <0.001 | |
Left | 6.223 | 0.462 | ||||||||
Ring finger | G_NBS | Right | 7.111 | 0.491 | −0.013 | 0.056 | −0.026 | −0.001 | −2.164 | 0.033 |
Left | 7.124 | 0.491 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 7.523 | 0.452 | 0.019 | 0.072 | 0.003 | 0.035 | 2.352 | 0.021 | |
Left | 7.504 | 0.447 | ||||||||
Middle finger | G_NBS | Right | 7.348 | 0.471 | −0.009 | 0.093 | −0.029 | 0.012 | −0.829 | 0.409 |
Left | 7.356 | 0.436 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 8.056 | 0.505 | 0.027 | 0.090 | 0.006 | 0.047 | 2.620 | 0.011 | |
Left | 8.029 | 0.496 | ||||||||
Index finger | G_NBS | Right | 6.738 | 0.388 | −0.002 | 0.082 | −0.020 | 0.015 | −0.271 | 0.787 |
Left | 6.740 | 0.365 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 7.322 | 0.473 | 0.022 | 0.055 | 0.009 | 0.034 | 3.496 | 0.001 | |
Left | 7.300 | 0.457 | ||||||||
Thumb | G_NBS | Right | 5.422 | 0.369 | 0.021 | 0.073 | 0.005 | 0.037 | 2.562 | 0.012 |
Left | 5.401 | 0.353 | ||||||||
G_BS | Right | 5.948 | 0.403 | 0.029 | 0.072 | 0.013 | 0.045 | 3.600 | 0.001 | |
Left | 5,919 | 0,414 |
Parameters | Groups | Side | F | p(F) | t | p(t) | ΔX | SED | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||||
Upper limb length | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 1.944 | 0.165 | 11.447 | <0.001 | 6.060 | 0.529 | 5.014 | 7.105 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 3.981 | 0.048 | 10.923 | <0.001 | 6.246 | 0.572 | 5.116 | 7.375 | |
Hand length | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 0.320 | 0.573 | 5.471 | <0.001 | 1.070 | 0.196 | 0.684 | 1.456 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 2.122 | 0.147 | 5.922 | <0.001 | 1.077 | 0.182 | 0.718 | 1.436 | |
Palm length | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 1.268 | 0.262 | 8.201 | <0.001 | 0.904 | 0.110 | 0.686 | 1.122 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 2.751 | 0.099 | 7.676 | <0.001 | 0.854 | 0.111 | 0.635 | 1.074 | |
Hand breadth | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 3.275 | 0.072 | 5.590 | <0.001 | 0.614 | 0.110 | 0.397 | 0.830 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 4.564 | 0.034 | 5.638 | <0.001 | 0.617 | 0.109 | 0.401 | 0.833 | |
Hand span | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 11.748 | 0.001 | 9.911 | <0.001 | 2.329 | 0.235 | 1.865 | 2.794 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 6.545 | 0.011 | 9.748 | <0.001 | 2.294 | 0.235 | 1.829 | 2.759 | |
Pinky finger | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 7.075 | 0.009 | 10.675 | <0.001 | 0.674 | 0.063 | 0.550 | 0.799 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 7.664 | 0.006 | 9.508 | <0.001 | 0.631 | 0.066 | 0.500 | 0.762 | |
Ring finger | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 1.700 | 0.194 | 5.531 | <0.001 | 0.412 | 0.074 | 0.265 | 0.559 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 1.869 | 0.174 | 5.124 | <0.001 | 0.379 | 0.074 | 0.233 | 0.526 | |
Middle finger | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 0.693 | 0.406 | 9.208 | <0.001 | 0.708 | 0.077 | 0.556 | 0.860 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 0.748 | 0.388 | 9.154 | <0.001 | 0.673 | 0.074 | 0.528 | 0.818 | |
Index finger | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 4.896 | 0.028 | 8.575 | <0.001 | 0.584 | 0.068 | 0.449 | 0.718 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 6.727 | 0.010 | 8.598 | <0.001 | 0.560 | 0.065 | 0.431 | 0.688 | |
Thumb | G_BS-G_NBS | Right | 8.770 | 0.004 | 8.641 | <0.001 | 0.526 | 0.061 | 0.406 | 0.646 |
G_BS-G_NBS | Left | 16.926 | <0.001 | 8.548 | <0.001 | 0.518 | 0.061 | 0.398 | 0.637 |
Parameters | G_NBS | G_BS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SI | DA | Direction of Asymmetry | SI | DA | Direction of Asymmetry | |
Upper limb length | −0.090 | −0.045 | Left | −0.317 | −0.158 | Left |
Hand length | 0.325 | 0.162 | Right | 0.276 | 0.138 | Right |
Palm length | −0.218 | −0.109 | Left | 0.219 | 0.110 | Right |
Hand breadth | 0.064 | 0.032 | Right | 0.012 | 0.006 | Right |
Hand span | −0.181 | −0.091 | Left | −0.005 | −0.002 | Left |
Pinky finger | −0.054 | −0.027 | Left | 0.641 | 0.320 | Right |
Ring finger | −0.183 | −0.091 | Left | 0.253 | 0.126 | Right |
Middle finger | −0.109 | −0.054 | Left | 0.336 | 0.168 | Right |
Index finger | −0.030 | −0.015 | Left | 0.301 | 0.150 | Right |
Thumb | 0.388 | 0.194 | Right | 0.489 | 0.244 | Right |
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Share and Cite
Badau, A.; Badau, D. Identifying the Differences in Symmetry of the Anthropometric Parameters of the Upper Limbs in Relation to Manual Laterality between Athletes Who Practice Sports with and without a Ball. Symmetry 2024, 16, 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050558
Badau A, Badau D. Identifying the Differences in Symmetry of the Anthropometric Parameters of the Upper Limbs in Relation to Manual Laterality between Athletes Who Practice Sports with and without a Ball. Symmetry. 2024; 16(5):558. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050558
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadau, Adela, and Dana Badau. 2024. "Identifying the Differences in Symmetry of the Anthropometric Parameters of the Upper Limbs in Relation to Manual Laterality between Athletes Who Practice Sports with and without a Ball" Symmetry 16, no. 5: 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050558
APA StyleBadau, A., & Badau, D. (2024). Identifying the Differences in Symmetry of the Anthropometric Parameters of the Upper Limbs in Relation to Manual Laterality between Athletes Who Practice Sports with and without a Ball. Symmetry, 16(5), 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050558