Influence of Small Vehicle on Transiting Test Method for Measuring Building Wind Pressure Coefficients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Model and Transiting Test Facility
2.2. Wind Pressure Measuring Equipment
2.3. Test Road Introduction
2.4. Classification of Vehicle Size
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Influence of Relative Velocity during Overtaking
3.2. Influence of Test Vehicle Velocity during Overtaking
3.3. Influence of Overtaking Lanes
3.4. Analysis of Test Vehicle Actively Overtaking
3.5. Analysis of Wake Interference
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The time history of the wind pressure coefficient of the model appears as a bulge during the overtaking period, especially in the negative pressure area. When the test vehicle velocity is constant, the overall trends of the mean wind pressure coefficient curves in the overtaking period and excluding the overtaking period are the same for each relative velocity. Comparatively, the negative pressure area has a larger value during the overtaking period. In addition, the influence of overtaking behavior increases with the relative velocity, and the duration of overtaking influence decreases with the increase in relative velocity. The relative displacement of the two vehicles during the overtaking period increases with the increase in relative velocity. The influence of overtaking behavior can be eliminated by extending the data calculation time, and the required data calculation time increases with the relative velocity.
- (2)
- When the relative velocity is constant, the overall trends of the mean wind pressure coefficient curves in the overtaking period and excluding the overtaking period are basically the same under each test vehicle velocity. By contrast, the negative pressure area has a larger value during the overtaking period. The influence of overtaking behavior, the duration of overtaking influence, and the relative displacement of the two vehicles during the overtaking period decrease with the increase in test vehicle velocity. The data calculation time required to eliminate the overtaking influence decreases as the test vehicle velocity increases.
- (3)
- The overtaking interference occurs only when the test vehicle is overtaken by the small interference vehicle in the adjacent lane.
- (4)
- The wake of the small interference vehicle no longer influences the transiting test results after the spacing reaches 24 m. The overtaking interference caused by the small vehicle can be eliminated after the data calculation time exceeds 26 s.
- (5)
- In order to avoid the interference caused by a small vehicle, combined with the actual conditions of the test road, it is suggested for the transiting test method that the data calculation time needs to exceed 26 s and the vehicle spacing needs to exceed 24 m.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yang, Q.; Gao, R.; Bai, F.; Li, T.; Tamura, Y. Damage to Buildings and Structures Due to Recent Devastating Wind Hazards in East Asia. Nat. Hazards 2018, 92, 1321–1353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, Z.; Li, A.; Ding, Y.; Li, W. Wind-Induced Fatigue Assessment of Welded Connections in Steel Tall Buildings Using the Theory of Critical Distances. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 2018, 24, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, J.; Zheng, Q.; Huang, Y.; Wu, J.; Pi, Y.; Liu, Q. Design Optimization on High-Rise Buildings Considering Occupant Comfort Reliability and Joint Distribution of Wind Speed and Direction. Eng. Struct. 2018, 156, 460–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, M. Wind-Resistant Studies on Tall Buildings and Structures. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 2010, 53, 2630–2646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elshaer, A.; Bitsuamlak, G.; El Damatty, A. Enhancing Wind Performance of Tall Buildings Using Corner Aerodynamic Optimization. Eng. Struct. 2017, 136, 133–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, A.; Sun, W.X.; Zhao, R.H.; Wu, J.R.; Ying, W.Q. Lateral Drift Constrained Structural Optimization of an Actual Supertall Building Acted by Wind Load. Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build. 2017, 26, e1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, P.; Li, S.; Wang, D. Effects of Aerodynamic Interference on the Iced Straddling Hangers of Suspension Bridges by Wind Tunnel Tests. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2019, 184, 162–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Guo, P.; Wang, C.; Hu, Y.; Wang, D. Influence of Catwalk Design Parameters on the Galloping of Constructing Main Cables in Long-Span Suspension Bridges. J. Vibroeng. 2017, 19, 4671–4684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Argentini, T.; Rocchi, D.; Somaschini, C. Effect of the Low-Frequency Turbulence on the Aeroelastic Response of a Long-Span Bridge in Wind Tunnel. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2020, 197, 104072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, P.; Li, S.; Wang, D. Analysis of Wind Attack Angle Increments in Wind Tunnel Tests for the Aerodynamic Coefficients of Iced Hangers. Adv. Struct. Eng. 2019, 23, 603–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; An, Y.; Wang, C.; Wang, D. Experimental and Numerical Studies on Galloping of the Flat-Topped Main Cables for the Long Span Suspension Bridge During Construction. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2017, 163, 24–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Zheng, S. Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of Wind-Sand Flow on Riding-Type Hangers of Suspension Bridges. J. Vibroeng. 2017, 19, 1301–1313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- An, Y.; Wang, C.; Li, S.; Wang, D. Galloping of Steepled Main Cables in Long-Span Suspension Bridges During Construction. Wind Struct. 2016, 23, 595–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.W.; Li, Q.S. Field Measurements of Wind Pressures on a 600 m High Skyscraper during a Landfall Typhoon and Comparison with Wind Tunnel Test. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2018, 175, 391–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, C.; Li, Y.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Zhai, G. Wind Characteristics along a Bridge Catwalk in a Deep-Cutting Gorge from Field Measurements. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2019, 186, 94–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.L.; Liu, L.L.; Wu, H.; Jiang, N.; Zheng, S.Y.; Guo, P. New Test Method of Wind Pressure Coefficient Based on CAARC Standard Model Determined Using Vehicle Driving Wind. Exp. Tech. 2019, 43, 707–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Liang, J.; Zheng, S.; Jiang, N.; Liu, L.; Guo, P. A Novel Test Method for Aerodynamic Coefficient Measurements of Structures Using Wind Generated by a Moving Vehicle. Exp. Tech. 2019, 43, 677–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Wan, R.; Wang, D.; Guo, P. Effect of End Plates on Transiting Test for Measuring the Aerodynamic Coefficient of Structures Using Wind Generated by a Moving Vehicle. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2019, 190, 273–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, P.; Wang, D.; Li, S.; Liu, L.; Wang, X. Transiting Test Method for Galloping of Iced Conductor Using Wind Generated by a Moving Vehicle. Wind Struct. 2019, 28, 155–170. [Google Scholar]
- Duncan, B.; D’Alessio, L.; Gargoloff, J.; Alajbegovic, A. Vehicle Aerodynamics Impact of On-Road Turbulence. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D: J. Automob. Eng. 2017, 231, 1148–1159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, L.; Sun, Y.; Chi, X.; Du, G.; Wang, M. Transient Aerodynamic Characteristics of Vans Overtaking in Crosswinds. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2017, 170, 46–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.; Wang, X.; Du, G.; Liu, Z.; Lei, L. Transient Aerodynamic Characteristics of Vans during the Accelerated Overtaking Process. J. Hydrodyn. 2018, 30, 357–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kremheller, A. Aerodynamic Interaction Effects and Surface Pressure Distribution during On-Road Driving Events. SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars-Mech. Syst. 2015, 8, 165–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noger, C.; Van Grevenynghe, E. On the Transient Aerodynamic Forces Induced on Heavy and Light Vehicles in Overtaking Processes. Int. J. Aerod. 2011, 1, 373–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, H.; Karadimitriou, E.; Li, X.M.; Mathioulakis, D. Aerodynamic Interference between Two Road Vehicle Models during Overtaking. J. Energ. Eng. 2019, 145, 04019002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Howell, J.; Garry, K.; Holt, J. The Aerodynamics of a Small Car Overtaking a Truck. SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars-Mech. Syst. 2014, 7, 626–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shao, N.; Yao, G.; Zhang, C.; Wang, M. A Research into the Flow and Vortex Structures Around Vehicles during Overtaking Maneuver with Lift Force Included. Adv. Mech. Eng. 2017, 9, 1687814017732892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Corin, R.J.; He, L.; Dominy, R.G. A CFD Investigation into the Transient Aerodynamic Forces on Overtaking Road Vehicle Models. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2008, 96, 1390–1411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uystepruyst, D.; Krajnović, S. Numerical Simulation of the Transient Aerodynamic Phenomena Induced by Passing Manoeuvres. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2013, 114, 62–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Watkins, S.; Vino, G. The Effect of Vehicle Spacing on the Aerodynamics of a Representative Car Shape. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2008, 96, 1232–1239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noger, C.; Regardin, C.; Széchényi, E. Investigation of the Transient Aerodynamic Phenomena Associated with Passing Manoeuvres. J. Fluids Struct. 2005, 21, 231–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kui, H.; Xu, X.; Li, M.; Tian, C. Effect of Lateral Wind and Longitudinal Spacing on the Two Trucks in Tandem. J. Jilin Univ. 2016, 46, 1426–1431. [Google Scholar]
- Robertson, F.H.; Bourriez, F.; He, M.; Soper, D.; Baker, C.; Hemida, H.; Sterling, M. An Experimental Investigation of the Aerodynamic Flows Created by Lorries Travelling in a Long Platoon. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2019, 193, 103966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melbourne, W.H. Comparison of Measurements on the CAARC Standard Tall Building Model in Simulated Model Wind Flows. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 1980, 6, 73–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanaka, H.; Lawen, N. Test on the CAARC Standard Tall Building Model with a Length Scale of 1:1000. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 1986, 25, 15–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braun, A.L.; Awruch, A.M. Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic Analyses on the CAARC Standard Tall Building Model Using Numerical Simulation. Comput. Struct. 2009, 87, 564–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daniels, S.J.; Castro, I.P.; Xie, Z.T. Peak Loading and Surface Pressure Fluctuations of a Tall Model Building. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2013, 120, 19–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sheng, R.; Perret, L.; Calmet, I.; Demouge, F.; Guilhot, J. Wind Tunnel Study of Wind Effects on a High-Rise Building at a Scale of 1:300. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2018, 174, 391–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, M.F.; Lau, I.W.H.; Chan, C.M.; Kwok, K.C.S.; Li, G. A Hybrid RANS and Kinematic Simulation of Wind Load Effects on Full-Scale Tall Buildings. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2011, 99, 1126–1138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elshaer, A.; Aboshosha, H.; Bitsuamlak, G.; El Damatty, A.; Dagnew, A. LES Evaluation of Wind-Induced Responses for an Isolated and a Surrounded Tall Building. Eng. Struct. 2016, 115, 179–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Z.; Zheng, C.; Wu, Y.; Flay, R.G.J.; Zhang, K. Investigation on the effects of twisted wind flow on the wind loads on a square section megatall building. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2019, 191, 127–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chevula, S.; Sanz-Andres, Á.; Franchini, S. Estimation of the Correction Term of Pitot Tube Measurements in Unsteady (Gusty) Flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2015, 46, 179–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhautmage, U.; Gokhale, S. Effects of Moving-Vehicle Wakes on Pollutant Dispersion Inside a Highway Road Tunnel. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 218, 783–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Z.; Zhai, R.; Wang, P.; Yan, X.; Qin, H.; Tang, Y.; Ramesh, B. Synergizing Appearance and Motion with Low Rank Representation for Vehicle Counting and Traffic Flow Analysis. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2018, 19, 2675–2685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lichtneger, P.; Ruck, B. Full Scale Experiments on Vehicle Induced Transient Pressure Loads on Roadside Walls. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2018, 174, 451–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lichtneger, P.; Ruck, B. Full Scale Experiments on Vehicle Induced Transient Loads on Roadside Plates. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2015, 136, 73–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, F.Q.; He, B.J.; Zhu, J.; Zhao, D.X.; Darko, A.; Zhao, Z.Q. Sensitivity Analysis of Wind Pressure Coefficients on CAARC Standard Tall Buildings in CFD Simulations. J. Build. Eng. 2018, 16, 146–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Habashi, W.G.; Khurram, R.A. Predicting Wind-Induced Vibrations of High-Rise Buildings Using Unsteady CFD and Modal Analysis. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod. 2015, 136, 165–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, B.E. The Effect of Turbulence on the Surface Pressure Field of a Square Prism. J. Fluid Mech. 1975, 69, 263–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; He, B.; Fu, L. Influence of Velocity on Transient Aerodynamic Characteristics of Overtaking and Overtaken Vehicles. J. Jilin Univ. 2007, 37, 1009–1013. [Google Scholar]
Small | Medium | Large | |
---|---|---|---|
1.2–2.1 | 2.0–3.5 | 2.5 | width |
1.3–2.0 | 2.0–3.1 | 3.0 | height |
1.5–5.0 | 5.0–6.5 | 6.5 | length |
|
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Li, S.; Liu, X.; Li, Q.; Gao, W.; Guo, P. Influence of Small Vehicle on Transiting Test Method for Measuring Building Wind Pressure Coefficients. Symmetry 2021, 13, 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091726
Li S, Liu X, Li Q, Gao W, Guo P. Influence of Small Vehicle on Transiting Test Method for Measuring Building Wind Pressure Coefficients. Symmetry. 2021; 13(9):1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091726
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Shengli, Xin Liu, Qing Li, Wudi Gao, and Pan Guo. 2021. "Influence of Small Vehicle on Transiting Test Method for Measuring Building Wind Pressure Coefficients" Symmetry 13, no. 9: 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091726
APA StyleLi, S., Liu, X., Li, Q., Gao, W., & Guo, P. (2021). Influence of Small Vehicle on Transiting Test Method for Measuring Building Wind Pressure Coefficients. Symmetry, 13(9), 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091726