Variation in Leaf Size and Fluctuating Asymmetry of Mountain Birch (Betula pubescens var. pumila) in Space and Time: Implications for Global Change Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Object
2.2. Study Region
2.3. Historical Samples
2.4. Latitudinal Samples
2.5. Measurements
2.6. Calculation of FA and Testing for Reproducibility
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Temporal Variation
4.2. Spatial Variation
4.3. Importance of FA Measurements in Plants
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Variation | Leaf Width | Teeth Number | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Test Statistics | p | Test Statistics | p | |
Side | F1,200 = 0.42 | 0.52 | F1,200 = 25.5 | <0.0001 |
Individual | F99,200 = 189.4 | <0.0001 | F99,200 = 238.0 | <0.0001 |
Side × Individual | F99,200 = 4.85 | <0.0001 | F99,200 = 7.93 | <0.0001 |
Source of Variation | Leaf Length | FAN † | FAW ‡ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test Statistics | p | Test Statistics | p | Test Statistics | p | |
Date * | F1,167.6 = 23.6 | <0.0001 | F1,402.2 = 4.73 | 0.0301 | F1,361.6 = 0.58 | 0.45 |
Latitude | F1,167.8 = 62.3 | <0.0001 | F1,403.1 = 5.05 | 0.0251 | F1,362.5 = 1.80 | 0.18 |
Date × Latitude | F1,167.8 = 23.7 | <0.0001 | F1,403.1 = 4.45 | 0.0355 | F1,362.5 = 0.59 | 0.44 |
Site | χ21 = 159.9 | <0.0001 | χ21 = 2.53 | 0.0560 | χ21 = 5.37 | 0.0103 |
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Zverev, V.; Kozlov, M.V. Variation in Leaf Size and Fluctuating Asymmetry of Mountain Birch (Betula pubescens var. pumila) in Space and Time: Implications for Global Change Research. Symmetry 2020, 12, 1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12101703
Zverev V, Kozlov MV. Variation in Leaf Size and Fluctuating Asymmetry of Mountain Birch (Betula pubescens var. pumila) in Space and Time: Implications for Global Change Research. Symmetry. 2020; 12(10):1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12101703
Chicago/Turabian StyleZverev, Vitali, and Mikhail V. Kozlov. 2020. "Variation in Leaf Size and Fluctuating Asymmetry of Mountain Birch (Betula pubescens var. pumila) in Space and Time: Implications for Global Change Research" Symmetry 12, no. 10: 1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12101703