Environmental Impacts of Planned Capitals and Lessons for Indonesia’s New Capital
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Remote Sensing Assessment of Existing Planned Capitals Using Historical Nightlights Imagery
2.2. GIS Analysis of the Potential Environmental Impacts from Indonesia’s Planned Capital
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Footprint of Planned Capitals and Environmental Impacts
4.2. Socio-Political Geographies of Planned Capitals and Environmental Impacts
4.3. Best Practices for Protecting Borneo
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Capital City | Country | Year | % Country Population in Capital | % Annual Night-Lights Change 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Population (Millions, 2019) 1 | Name | Population (Millions, 2019) | GDP Per Capita (2019) 2 | Construction | Officiated 3 | ||
Abuja | 3.1 | Nigeria | 203 | 2230 | 1970s | 1991 | 1.6% | 2.7% |
Belmopan | 0.02 | Belize | 0.39 | 4815 | 1967 | 1970 | 4.2% | 11% |
Brasília | 4.6 | Brazil | 213 | 8717 | 1957 | 1960 | 2.2% | 0.19% |
Canberra | 0.45 | Australia | 25 | 54,907 | 1913 | 1927 | 1.8% | 0.48% |
Dodoma | 0.42 | Tanzania | 61 | 1122 | 1974 | 2006 | 0.7% | 6.2% |
Islamabad | 1.1 | Pakistan | 206 | 1285 | 1960s | 1966 | 0.5% | 1.2% |
Lilongwe | 1.1 | Malawi | 20 | 412 | 1970 | 1975 | 5.5% | 3.6% |
Naypyidaw | 0.56 | Myanmar | 54 | 1408 | 2002 | 2006 | 1.0% | 30% |
Nur-Sultan (Astana) | 1.1 | Kazakhstan | 18 | 9731 | 1998 | 1997 | 6.1% | 2.7% |
Sejong | 0.33 | South Korea | 52 | 31,762 | 2007 | 2013 | 0.6% | 5.5% |
Washington, D.C. | 5.3 | United States | 331 | 65,281 | 1792 | 1800 | 1.6% | 0% |
Yamouss-oukro | 0.36 | Cote d’Ivoire | 26 | 2286 | 1977 | 1983 | 1.4% | 4.6% |
Vegetation Type | 10 km | 30 km | 50 km | 200 km | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Mangrove | 0 | 36 | 280 | 1090 |
Peat | 0 | 80 | 200 | 2090 | |
Intact forest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Forest | 0 | 0 | 45 | 13,050 | |
Other vegetation (e.g., mosaic, crops) | 290 | 1450 | 2520 | 24,390 | |
Timber | 3.9 | 290 | 1180 | 9810 | |
Oil palm | 18 | 400 | 790 | 12,510 | |
Total | 310 | 2260 | 5010 | 62,940 | |
Aboveground biomass (Tg C) | 2.2 | 13.5 | 23.4 | 634 | |
Potential carbon emissions (MtCO2e) | 8.0 | 50 | 86 | 2326 |
Protected Area | 10 km | 30 km | 50 km | 200 km | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Bukit Soeharto Grand Forest Park | 170 | 470 | 11 | |
Teluk Apar Nature Reserve | 360 | ||||
Kutai National Park | 1910 | ||||
Lati Petangis Grand Forest Park | 34 | ||||
Padang Luway Nature Reserve | 48 | ||||
Teluk Pamukan Nature Reserve | 140 | ||||
Teluk Adang Nature Reserve | 570 | ||||
Muara Kaman Sedulang Nature Reserve | 650 | ||||
Cumulative total | 170 | 640 | 650 | 4360 |
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Teo, H.C.; Lechner, A.M.; Sagala, S.; Campos-Arceiz, A. Environmental Impacts of Planned Capitals and Lessons for Indonesia’s New Capital. Land 2020, 9, 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110438
Teo HC, Lechner AM, Sagala S, Campos-Arceiz A. Environmental Impacts of Planned Capitals and Lessons for Indonesia’s New Capital. Land. 2020; 9(11):438. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110438
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeo, Hoong Chen, Alex Mark Lechner, Saut Sagala, and Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz. 2020. "Environmental Impacts of Planned Capitals and Lessons for Indonesia’s New Capital" Land 9, no. 11: 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110438
APA StyleTeo, H. C., Lechner, A. M., Sagala, S., & Campos-Arceiz, A. (2020). Environmental Impacts of Planned Capitals and Lessons for Indonesia’s New Capital. Land, 9(11), 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110438