Using Farmer Decision Rules for Mapping Historical Land Use Change Patterns from 1954 to 2007 in Rural Northwestern Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Participatory Appraisals and Stakeholder Elicitations
2.2.1. Farmer Decision Rules on Crop Choices and Crop Rotation
2.2.2. Participatory Mapping
2.3. Ground Truthing, Transect Walks and Plot History
2.4. Earth Observation Data
2.5 Integrating Local Knowledge in Land Use Classification Workflow
2.5.1. Stage 1: Land Use Mapping 1954, 1993, 1999, and 2007
2.5.2. Stage 2: Adjusting for Residential Area Expansion and Upland Crop Types in 1954 and 2007
2.6. Accuracy Assessment
2.7. Upland CroppingAarea Change Detection 1954 and 2007
3. Results
3.1. Farmer Decision Rules and Crop Rotations
3.1.1. Plot-Level Decision Rules
3.1.2. Crop Rotations
- 1954 to 1973, due to the completion of the reservoir in 1974 (establishment started in 1968);
- 1973 to 1993, a transition period where new land laws provided farmers long-term land use rights;
- 1993 to 2007, sub-grouped into:
- ○
- 1993 to 1999, land title rights for agricultural land provided (also referred to as Red Book) was applied in 1999 in Chieng Khoi commune;
- ○
- 1999 to 2007, due to available remote sensing data (here: LISS III).
3.2. Land Use Mapping Using Outcomes of Participatory Procedures
3.3. Crop-Level Classification in 1954 and 2007
3.3.1. 1954
3.3.2. 2007
3.4. Crop Transitions and Expansion
4. Discussion
4.1. Innovative Crop Mapping Approach
4.2. Importance of Local Stakeholders in Classifying Historical Land Use Maps
4.3. Lessons Learned and Implications for Regional Landscape Management
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Aerial photograph 1954 | Landsat TM 1993 | Landsat ETM+ 1999 | IRS LISS III 2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pixel (m) | 5 | 30 | 30 | 5.8 1 |
Date | na 2 | 1 February 1993 | 27 December 1999 | 4 March 2007 |
Season | na | dry | dry | late dry season |
Sensor | na | TM | ETM+ | self-scanning |
No | LU Type | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Forest | Dense primary forest and dense secondary forest, fallow *, 7 years or older with medium and large trees (≥10 m) |
2 | Residential area | Location of farmers’ houses ** |
3 | Open canopy vegetation | Mixture of small trees, bush, fruit trees, and planted forests that resemble less dense canopy vegetation (not in 1954) |
4 | Paddy rice | Low elevation and flat areas where water level is low and that become dry during dry season |
5 | Water body | Lake or ponds larger than 2500 m2 (excluding small streams and rivers of ≤10 m width) |
6 | Upland cultivation | Crop areas cultivated on areas with slopes >5° and elevation >300 m above sea level, also including young fallow stages (1–6 years of age), with grass and bushes. |
Rank | Name of Crops * | Reasons |
---|---|---|
1st | Paddy rice and upland rice | Staple crop, both paddy rice and upland rice were the first choice as both revealed no area competition. Paddy rice was planted on flat land or terraces while upland rice was planted in upland areas without irrigation. |
2nd | Three years cassava ** | Staple crop which was not common before 1950s, but became more frequent and important after 1954 until 1990s. Crop served as important starch source in the household. |
3rd | Maize *** | Additional food for home consumption with low crop yields (>0.5 Mg per ha), grown in upland fields following upland rice and often used as livestock feed |
4th | Peanut | Additional food source and added as a flavor for household meals |
No | Land Use Types | Area (ha) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1954 | 1993 | 1999 | 2007 | ||
1 | Forest | 2595 | 1146 | 1303 | 929 |
2 | Residential | 4 | 20 | 44 | 44 |
3 | Open canopy vegetation | 51 | 1552 | 1239 | 1317 |
4 | Paddy rice | 140 | 83 | 92 | 110 |
5 | Water body | 4 | 18 | 26 | 17 |
6 | Upland cultivation | 315 | 308 | 423 | 708 |
Total * | 3109 | 3127 | 3127 | 3125 |
Crops | Maximum Distance to Homestead (m) | Additional Criteria | Area (ha) |
---|---|---|---|
Upland rice | 1100 | Good soil, non-stony, first consideration of area with slope ≤ 50% then to slope ≤ 100% before increasing distance. | 63 |
Maize and cassava | 1600 | Good soil, non-stony soil, slope ≤ 100%, excluding upland rice areas. | 64 |
Fallow | 2140 | In upland cultivation area, slope ≤ 100%, excluding areas which were planted with upland rice, maize, and cassava. | 188 |
Total | 315 |
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Nguyen, T.T.; Lippe, M.; Marohn, C.; Duc Vien, T.; Cadisch, G. Using Farmer Decision Rules for Mapping Historical Land Use Change Patterns from 1954 to 2007 in Rural Northwestern Vietnam. Land 2019, 8, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8090130
Nguyen TT, Lippe M, Marohn C, Duc Vien T, Cadisch G. Using Farmer Decision Rules for Mapping Historical Land Use Change Patterns from 1954 to 2007 in Rural Northwestern Vietnam. Land. 2019; 8(9):130. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8090130
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Thanh Thi, Melvin Lippe, Carsten Marohn, Tran Duc Vien, and Georg Cadisch. 2019. "Using Farmer Decision Rules for Mapping Historical Land Use Change Patterns from 1954 to 2007 in Rural Northwestern Vietnam" Land 8, no. 9: 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8090130
APA StyleNguyen, T. T., Lippe, M., Marohn, C., Duc Vien, T., & Cadisch, G. (2019). Using Farmer Decision Rules for Mapping Historical Land Use Change Patterns from 1954 to 2007 in Rural Northwestern Vietnam. Land, 8(9), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8090130