Flood Hazard Mapping of a Rapidly Urbanizing City in the Foothills (Birendranagar, Surkhet) of Nepal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Extraction of LULC Change
2.3. Identification of Flood Hazards
2.4. Urban/Built-Up Area Expansion Rate
2.5. Classiifcation Accuracy Assessment
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Land-Use Land-Cover Change between 1989 and 2016
3.2. Flood Area Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 13,859 | 22,973 | 31,381 | 93,718 | 100,458 |
Land-Cover Types | Description |
---|---|
Urban (built up) | Urban and rural settlements, commercial areas, industrial areas, construction areas, traffic, airports, public service areas (e.g., schools, colleges, hospitals) |
Cultivated land | Wet and dry crop lands, orchards |
Forest | Evergreen broad leaf forest, deciduous forest, scattered forest, degraded forest |
Shrub | Mix of trees (<5 m tall) and other natural covers |
Sand | Sand area, other open field area, river bank |
Water | River, lake/pond, canal, reservoir |
Others | Cliffs/small landslide, bare rocks, |
LULC | 1989 | 1996 | 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | 1989–2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban/built up | 85 | 89 | 113 | 289 | 584 | 656 | 571 |
Cultivated | 7005 | 6958 | 6935 | 6794 | 6371 | 6205 | −800 |
Forest | 13,703 | 13,482 | 13,406 | 13,341 | 13,494 | 13,342 | −361 |
Shrub | 3281 | 3566 | 3640 | 3644 | 3608 | 3798 | 517 |
Sand | 276 | 258 | 253 | 272 | 274 | 324 | 48 |
Water | 140 | 140 | 129 | 129 | 157 | 157 | 17 |
Others | 91 | 89 | 105 | 111 | 95 | 99 | 8 |
Total | 24,582 | 24,582 | 24,582 | 24,582 | 24,582 | 24,582 |
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Rijal, S.; Rimal, B.; Sloan, S. Flood Hazard Mapping of a Rapidly Urbanizing City in the Foothills (Birendranagar, Surkhet) of Nepal. Land 2018, 7, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7020060
Rijal S, Rimal B, Sloan S. Flood Hazard Mapping of a Rapidly Urbanizing City in the Foothills (Birendranagar, Surkhet) of Nepal. Land. 2018; 7(2):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7020060
Chicago/Turabian StyleRijal, Sushila, Bhagawat Rimal, and Sean Sloan. 2018. "Flood Hazard Mapping of a Rapidly Urbanizing City in the Foothills (Birendranagar, Surkhet) of Nepal" Land 7, no. 2: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7020060