Monitoring Forest Change in Landscapes Under-Going Rapid Energy Development: Challenges and New Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptualizing Forest Land Use as a Disturbance Regime
2.1. Defining Anthropogenic Disturbance
2.2. Challenges for Characterizing Anthropogenic Disturbance Regimes
- extent
- severity
- persistence
- intensity
- frequency
- and seasonality.
3. Ecological Impacts of Energy Development
3.1. Clearing of Forest for Non-Renewable Resources
3.2. Persistent Linear Corridors
3.3. Suppression of Historical Disturbance Regimes
Type of Disturbance | Ecosystem Services Impact | Example | References |
---|---|---|---|
Surface mining | Carbon storage | Permanent peatland loss from oil sands mining in Alberta will release between 11.4 and 47.3 Mt∙C. Poor productivity for abandoned mining sites leading to a conversion from a carbon sink (forest) to a source (mine). | [26,30] |
Water purification | Acid mine drainage and runoff, heavy metal contamination, and high concentrations of dissolved solids associated with coal mining. Seepage of heavy metals from more than 12,000 ha of tailing ponds associated with the oil sands mines into the Athabasca watershed, estimated at 11 million L/day. | [26,27,28] | |
Pipelines | Erosion control Storm surge and flood buffering | Dredging of the Mississippi River delta plain for navigation and pipelines has resulted in significant loss of native marsh vegetation due to high influx of salt water, which has also increased erosion of the delta. | [61] |
Seismic lines | Carbon storage Subsistence resources | After 35 years, most seismic lines in Alberta had not recovered to a forested condition, thus reducing carbon storage of the forest. Caribou (Ranger) avoid linear features, presumably due to increased risk of predation by wolves, although the association between caribou mortality and distance to linear features like seismic lines remains disputed. | [20,32,33,34] |
Well sites | Water purification Carbon storage Subsistence resources | Methane contamination of drinking water from hydraulic fracturing in the Marcellus and Utica shale formations of Pennsylvania. Poor productivity of abandoned well sites and the conversion of a carbon sink (forest) to a source (producing well site). Ungulates have been observed to avoid industrial features like well sites, thus resulting in functional loss of otherwise suitable habitat. | [29,31,32,35] |
3.4. Introduction of Novel Ecosystems
3.5. Eradication of Ecological Memory
4. Detecting Anthropogenic Disturbance Regimes
5. Implications and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pickell, P.D.; Gergel, S.E.; Coops, N.C.; Andison, D.W. Monitoring Forest Change in Landscapes Under-Going Rapid Energy Development: Challenges and New Perspectives. Land 2014, 3, 617-638. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3030617
Pickell PD, Gergel SE, Coops NC, Andison DW. Monitoring Forest Change in Landscapes Under-Going Rapid Energy Development: Challenges and New Perspectives. Land. 2014; 3(3):617-638. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3030617
Chicago/Turabian StylePickell, Paul D., Sarah E. Gergel, Nicholas C. Coops, and David W. Andison. 2014. "Monitoring Forest Change in Landscapes Under-Going Rapid Energy Development: Challenges and New Perspectives" Land 3, no. 3: 617-638. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3030617