The Importance of the Protected Area for the Life of the Local Community—A Case Study of the Deliblato Sands Special Nature Reserve

Abstract

The Deliblato Sands Special Nature Reserve encompasses five municipalities and several settlements. This significantly protected region has a strong relationship between its ecosystem and the people who live there. The local population benefits from various advantages provided by this reserve. The residents’ quality of life greatly depends on the reserve’s resources. When used responsibly, they can guarantee a sustainable system with assets that are renewable. Additionally, both locals and tourists benefit from the utilization of forest space for recreation. Above all, endangered plant and animal species are protected in the Deliblato Sands woodlands. Therefore, the role of the local population in protecting this reserve is crucial for the survival of these species. Visitors from both domestic and foreign countries visit this reserve each year in considerable numbers. The study included a quantitative methodology, in which data were collected using questionnaires. The study’s goal is to find out whether the nature reserve has an impact on residents’ lives, activities, and habits, i.e., whether characteristics have an impact on respondents’ contentment. This research aims to examine how the protected area (PA) affects the life of the local community. A total of 1450 residents were surveyed regarding the impact of the Deliblato Sands ecosystem on their habits and activities. Analysis of the data indicates that the inhabitants are significantly impacted by the PA. The strongest impacts are grouped into the ecological and socio-cultural dimensions, while the economic dimension is the one with the weakest impact. The study’s value is evident in the crucial information that was supplied for the creation of national and local planning documents pertaining to the development of rural areas and tourism. The active participation of communities must be the foundation of any planning for tourism growth.

1. Introduction

Within the Deliblato Sands Special Nature Reserve (DSSN), various biocoenoses include endemic plant and animal species, a sensitive ecosystem, wetlands, and parts important for maintaining geodiversity [1]. The population living near the reserve is multicultural in terms of ethnic composition. Serbs, Romanians, Hungarians, Roma, Slovaks and other peoples possess a rich cultural and historical heritage [2]. The most important ethno-social values that characterize the local community of this area are customs, crafts, original folk music, gastronomy, home crafts, costumes, the way houses are built and life in the community [3].

When examining PAs, there are numerous benefits for both residents and visitors [4,5]. In addition to nature excursions and hiking, PAs offer a wide range of tourism activities, including cycling, mountaineering, trekking, walking, excursions, and wildlife and bird watching. All of this encourages physical exercise and a healthier lifestyle [6]. Living in a natural environment has a good effect on mood and general well-being, reduces stress, and enhances mental and physical health [7]. Important factors include promoting natural and cultural attributes [8], the importance of education (visitor education, incorporating museums and museum techniques into education, for both visitors and residents), the impact on improving environmental quality [9,10], and the prudent and controlled use of resources [11].

Through environmental protection, PAs offer important indirect purposes in addition to their direct effects on the populace. This is an essential role since PAs have the power to shape a safe and high-quality environment for the residents of the community. The PAs can act as a natural buffer against natural disasters as a protection zone against floods, storms, and other weather conditions [12].

Many PAs have cultural and spiritual significance for the local population. These areas may contain sanctuaries, traditional gathering places, or be associated with the historical values of the settlement and population [13]. The preservation of PAs helps to conserve the intangible cultural heritage of local communities, fostering a sense of identity and connection with history, geography, biology, and other natural and social sciences [14]. Local communities, the preservation of the environment and cultural heritage, and the implementation of sustainable practices in all activities are the foundation of PAs [15].

To achieve sustainability, theory and practice are dedicated to developing adequate tools to meet the goals [16,17,18]. For this reason, specific development policy areas must have clearly defined objectives. In the sphere of local communities, two large groups of policies and objectives regarding the management of PAs and the relationship with the local population are recognized [19,20,21]. These are the realization of control at the local level and the achievement of benefits for local communities [22,23]. The benefits primarily relate to improving the quality of life in local environments. A special quality is reflected in the inclusion of the community and their access to resources, facilities and the organization of everyday life. This avoids any form of social or environmental degradation and uncontrolled resource exploitation [24,25,26]. In the development of the local control system, it is necessary to engage and empower local communities in planning and decision-making processes, which are related to the management and future planning of tourism development within PAs [27,28,29].

The primary subject of research in the paper is the examination of the impact that DSSN has on the local population. The relationship between the local population and the PA should bring benefits to both parties [30]. The positive relationship between these two sides also serves as a framework for implementing various strategies for the development and management of this reserve [31].

The focus of this study is to investigate the quality of life of residents as influenced by the PA. The impact of the PA on the life of the population can be examined through the behavior of the residents, their relationship to the reserve, as well as the various benefits that arise from this relationship. It is also important to examine the role of tourism in this interaction, as tourism can be a key link between the PA and residents. The purpose of this study is to investigate if DSSN has an impact on local population satisfaction based on data collected from the survey. In addition, it is important to examine the mode and model of influence. Therefore, the factors examined were grouped into three spheres (variables), to reach more reliable results related to the individual influences of the factors and spheres on the respondents.

This study’s primary contribution is the analysis of how the PA affects the daily routines and habits of the local community, which is highly diverse in terms of ethnic composition. As a large part of the local community achieves a significant connection with the PA through resources and tourism, this study basically examines the mutual relationship between residents and the nature reserve through the possibility of tourism development, and the involvement of residents in the planning, control and promotion of development, as well as through the various benefits that the PA can have on residents. Tourism and recreation can offer more activities for PAs, such as cultural events that could be linked to sustainability. Additionally, tourism and recreation should (or could) serve as leaders in promoting an understanding of the values of PAs.

A quantitative methodology was used in the study. A survey of 1450 people who lived in communities close to this natural reserve was conducted. Respondents were selected using a random sample method. The data obtained were analyzed and presented with the SPSS v.25 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

2. Literature Review

It is evident that space plays a fundamental role in the framework of global tourism growth, which also influences its consideration in tourism development. Because of this, the idea of spatial connection for all tourism-related sectors is unreasonable without environmentally friendly procedures and sustainable access. In this way, an exceptional connection between natural and anthropogenic resources is created, as well as a base for the development of the tourism industry, considering that some local communities are not able to see the potential they possess for the development of tourism. Adopting the concept of sustainable tourism development, the spaces create a basis for further care of their heritage. The inclusion of those organizations that have responsible management creates the possibility of proper valorization, promotion and presentation of all the resources that that space possesses. To best understand the role of PAs in land policy and tourism development, it is necessary to examine the function and impact of PAs on individual sustainability issues. Furthermore, it is essential to understand how users, including residents and visitors, interact with protected spaces. As the primary goal of land policies in relation to the function of PAs is the preservation of natural integrity, the users of these areas should adapt their needs to the improvement of the natural and cultural values of these destinations. Certainly, it is important to examine the effects that these destinations have on the surrounding entities. This is significant from the aspect of land policy and is also the subject of research in this study.

In the era of constant economic growth, urbanization, environmental pollution, rising food and real estate prices, adaptation of resources to human needs, changing nature and its elements, humanity is increasingly turning to nature [32]. Man tends to accept ethical codes and, in some ways, contribute to the recovery of nature. The changes that have occurred in recent years in the world indicate that ecologically acceptable destinations are those that are recognized as the remaining natural environment [33]. Because man is becoming increasingly oriented towards the realization of tourism needs in nature, PAs are becoming an important segment of the economy. To preserve nature as the basic value of these destinations, it is necessary to establish strict protection zones, with very defined and limited activities [34,35,36]. Research from Central Europe, such as Pachrová et al. [37], highlights strategies to mitigate environmental impacts in PAs. In contrast, buffer zones allow for broader sustainable development, offering diverse tourism activities that benefit local communities and reduce pressure on core areas [38,39,40,41].

The impact of PAs on the local population has been the subject of numerous studies. Allendorf et al. [42] point out that the positive attitude of the local community towards PA is associated with benefits from the conservation and management of the PA. Socio-cultural benefits for residents are based on improving their relationship with the reserve’s stakeholders. Understanding residents’ views can contribute to overall benefits. Hewlett and Edwards [43] point out that the planning and management of PAs as tourist destinations requires strategies for designing projects at the level of the whole area and often results in tri-sectoral partnerships. In most cases, these partnerships are led by the public sector together with representatives of small and medium-sized tourism enterprises and the local population. They emphasize that the role of residents is extremely important. Local businesses can be directly and indirectly related to the PA. If tourism is sufficiently promoted in these areas, locals may tailor their products to the needs of visitors. Local companies can concentrate their production efforts on making souvenirs, travel accessories, sports gear, art supplies, hospitality equipment, and other products that reflect ethno-social local values in addition to food products [2,4,7]. Lai and Nepal [44] examine the attitudes of residents towards the development of ecotourism in one PA. Four aspects of ecotourism were examined in the study: participation in ecotourism planning and management, conservation of natural resources, cultural tradition preservation, and sustainable community development. The findings of the study indicate positive attitudes of residents towards measures necessary for the development of ecotourism. Residents can support the development of ecotourism, if the development is harmonized with local ecological, social and political-economic conditions. To promote sustainable tourism development in PAs, Liburd et al. [45] examined socio-cultural values for stakeholders and activated them through collaborative tourism design. The results of the research indicate that the shared structure of tourism (unique offer) can contribute to changing the discussion, mediating disagreements and overcoming obstacles between interested parties in the development of tourism. Rastegar et al. [46] indicates that the activities related to the management of the PA are more important for the residents than the attitudes towards the environment and the state of nature [47]. Stone et al. [48] note that although efforts have been made to integrate the preservation of PAs with the basic needs of people living in adjacent localities through the development of sustainable tourism, the discussion is still ongoing and has not delivered definitive conclusions [49].

According to some research, a link should be drawn between PA’s attractiveness, visitor flow, and the financial effects on the local economy and community. The number of visitors to PAs can be influenced by an adequate development of tourism [1,7,11,12]. Employment growth in the local community can be directly impacted by the expansion of tourism [13,18]. A wide range of local products may be available to visitors in PAs and they may be interested and willing to pay an appropriate price for them. Particular attention should be paid to enhancing the role of the community in promoting local goods, the community’s economy, and the culture of the area when planning the growth of tourism in protected locations.

The research model of this study was designed using the research model and characteristic questionnaire used in studies by Stojanović et al. [4], Asmelash and Kumar [7], and Khan et al. [22]. Finding out how PAs contribute to sustainable development and how they affect the local community was the aim of these studies. This can be ascertained through analyzing how certain factors affect the responders along specified dimensions. Participants were impacted in some way by each dimension. These dimensions, which encompass several indices, are ecological, economic, and sociocultural. Studies focused on how PAs affected locals’ satisfaction. Furthermore, research has examined the role that PAs may have in sustainable development. The applied research model enables the indicators to be adequately examined by grouping them into dimensions (spheres). The results of the aforementioned studies indicate that PAs have a major impact on respondents’ satisfaction, with the ecological and social aspects being the most relevant. These dimensions, which encompass several indices, are ecological, economic, and sociocultural. Studies focused on how PAs affected locals’ satisfaction. Furthermore, research has examined the role that PAs may have in sustainable development. The applied research model enables the indicators to be adequately examined by grouping them into dimensions (spheres). The results of the aforementioned studies indicate that PAs have a major impact on respondents’ satisfaction, with the ecological and social aspects being the most relevant. These dimensions also exert the greatest influence on the respondents.

The mentioned studies were used in defining the research model. The methodology of the mentioned studies is aimed at examining the function that PAs have in sustainable development. The impacts were examined through defined factors, which were grouped into dimensions of sustainability. In this way, more reliable results can be provided. Respondents expressed their opinions about certain phenomena through their perceived attitudes. The quantitative methodology of this study was conceived identically. A questionnaire is an instrument in surveying. However, the novelty of this study is based on the fact that the influence of the PA on the habits and life of the local population was examined through defined claims, grouped into spheres. The impact of the PA on the respondents’ satisfaction is common to all studies.

The primary scientific questions in this article were developed by examining the findings of other studies and the research goal. The main research problem was to review the collected data from the group of respondents and determine whether the PA has certain impacts on the life and habits of the local population. The variables in the study were categorized into three analyzed spheres since it was crucial to investigate the type of influence. By analyzing the obtained individual values of the examined spheres, stronger and weaker sides of influence were identified. Results that are crucial for the creation of regional and national plans for rural, sustainable, and tourism development were made possible by this. These documents should specifically develop planning activities to improve the relationship between the local population and nature.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Study Area

The DSSN is in southeastern Vojvodina (Northern Serbia). It is located on the very border of Vojvodina and the Danube District. The border is formed by the Danube River. Near the reserve are the towns of Kovin, Bela Crkva, Pančevo, Alibunar, Vršac, Bela Crkva, Belgrade and Požarevac [50]. The proximity of the state border with Romania, Bulgaria, and other European corridors makes DSSN a favorable geographical position.

The reserve covers 34,829 ha. It occupies the area from 44°48′ to 45°10’ N, and from 20°05’ to 21°05’ E [51]. The location of the reserve can be seen in Figure 1.

The DSSN acquired a protected status in 1965 as a general nature reserve, and a little later, after meeting the conditions, this status was transformed into a special nature reserve. According to the IUCN, it represents a habitat and species management area (category IV). The international protection status influenced the formation of certain zones and areas within the reserve, which today overlap to a significant extent. The DSSN has the following international statuses [2]: the IBA area of international importance for rare birds has been established on a territory with a total area of 48,758 ha; and IBA—Labudovo Okno, an area located in the southeast of the reserve, with a total area of 6488 ha [51]; IPA area of importance for rare species of plants with a total area of 35,332 ha; PBA area of importance for butterflies, with a total area of 35,496 ha; Ramsar site at the location of Labudovo Okno, with protection status dating back to 2007, with an area of 3733 ha; ICPDR (International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River); DNPA (Dartmoor National Park Authority); EMERALD area with a total area of 34,829 ha; NATURA 2000 [2,51].

Geologically, this PA is made up of aeolian sand, terrestrial and aquatic habitats, which makes this sandstone unique in Europe [52]. The reserve consists of deposits of aeolian sand that build a dune relief inhabited by forest, steppe and sand ecosystems [53]. There are over 900 types of plants in the sandstone. The most significant relics (endemics) are: Paeonia officinalis subsp. banatica, Artemisia pancici, Ridera umbellata, Prunus tenella, Helichrysum arenarium, and Juniperus communis, as the only wild conifer species of the Pannonian Plain [54,55]. Vegetation of the reserve exists in several forms, namely forest, sand, steppe, and swamp types [56]. The forest type of vegetation occupies 61% of the area of the reserve. Among the autochthonous species there are: Populus alba, Populus nigra, Alnus sp., Fraxinus angustifolia, Quercus robur, Tilia sp. L., while the allochthonous species are dominated by Robinia pseudoacacia, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Populus deltoides and Fraxinus americana L.

Within the reserve’s boundaries, there are over 200 animal species that have the status of natural rarities. Among the rarities of the fauna, there are types of steppe and sandy habitats, Cataglyphis sp., Falco cherrug, Sicista subtilis, Spermophilus citellus, Spalax leucodon, Mustela eversmanni and Canis lupus [54,55], while for some of them, the DSSN is the only or one of the few remaining habitats. According to the data mentioned in terms of biogeographic values, the DSSN represents one of the most important European biodiversity centers of international importance [51]. The reserve is also a European natural rarity and the best-preserved sandstone in Europe.

There are communities of important cultural, monumental, and archeological heritage on the reserve’s grounds, including Dolovo, Deliblato, Grebenac, Dubovac, Pločica, Banatski Karlovac, Alibunar and Izbište. These social potentials enable the development of cultural and other specific forms of tourism. The population of these settlements belongs to different ethnic groups. In addition to Serbs, the presence of Hungarians, Romanians, Slovaks, Roma, Ruthenians and other ethnic communities is significant. The folklore of this population is extremely refined with socio-cultural elements such as customs, original folk melos, the art of making domestic products, crafts, costumes, local events, gastronomy, language and other elements of the culture. Stated differently, the people who live in the DSSN region have a remarkable cultural history, both material and immaterial [3]. The DSSN influenced the construction of reception and catering facilities, the construction of houses and communal infrastructure. The houses were built in the classic Vojvodina style, while other buildings were built in accordance with the surrounding environment.

3.2. The Conceptual Model and Data Collection

The study model was created to examine whether the PA, as the subject of research, has an impact on the life, behavior, and activities of the local population, and affects their satisfaction. Cottrell et al.’s research was used to define the research model [57], Gong et al. [58], and Puhakka et al. [59]. They examined the functions of PAs in sustainable development and the impact of PAs on the satisfaction of respondents. They used the Prism of Sustainability model. The examined indicators were grouped into several ecological spheres. Each of the spheres included different segments of the impact of PAs on the local community and visitors to PAs.

The research in this article assumed that the residents builds an important connection with the PA, as described in the theoretical part of this article [60,61,62]. The local population can have multiple advantages from the PA if certain measures and principles are established that ensure mutual benefits [63]. Quantitative research included surveying as a research technique, using a written questionnaire as a research instrument. A total of 32 items is defined in the questionnaire, which are grouped into three spheres/variables. These are Ecological benefits and a clean environment, Economic benefits, and Socio-cultural values and traditions.

Each item from the questionnaire represents an indicator that is examined in this study. This established the relationship between the questions in the questionnaire and the indicators under investigation. Respondents indicated their level of agreement with each indicator in the questionnaire by assigning a grade on the scale provided. The score expressed by the respondents represents a value that shows the agreement of the respondents with the state according to the indicator. In the study, all indicators were grouped into three spheres, whose total average values (mean) were determined as part of statistical data analysis. This is significant for statistical analysis, because the obtained average values of the examined indicators through the statements in the questionnaire present a state that reflects the influence and connection between the PA and the residents.

The first sphere—Environmental benefits and a clean environment (Sf₁), contains a total of 15 indicators, i.e., items in the questionnaire. The second sphere—Economic benefits (Sf₂) contains a total of 9 items in the questionnaire, i.e., indicators that were examined.

The third sphere—Socio-cultural values and traditions (Sf₃) contains 8 items in the questionnaire, i.e., indicators. In addition to items related to determining the value of individual spheres, the questionnaire also contained 4 items directly related to residents’ satisfaction with DSSN.

Respondents ranked their answers with the items on a five-point Likert scale (scale 1 is complete disagreement, while scale 5 indicates complete agreement).

The reliability of the results was checked with the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient and KMO—Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. According to Nunnally and Bernstein [64] and Cortina [65], all α values greater than 0.6 can be accepted as reliable for analysis [66].

The study employed linear regression to examine the potential correlation between average sphere values (Sf) and the effect of nature reserves on inhabitants’ contentment.

The linear regression was used to determine the degree of influence of the PAre on residents and their satisfaction.

The poll was carried out across different theme groupings, social networks, and in-person interactions. Participation in the survey was voluntary for each respondent. In all, 47% of those surveyed did so in person. This type of survey was carried out by going to the settlements where the people lived. No personal information about the respondents was included in the anonymous survey. Interviews were conducted with 1450 respondents in total. Every questionnaire is legitimately completed.

The survey included the local population of Dolovo (a total of 210 respondents, i.e., 3.77% of the total population), Deliblato (175 respondents—7.26%), Grebenac (75 respondents—12.52%), Dubovac (217 respondents—16.91%), Kajtasovo (95 respondents—39.2%), Mramorak (205 respondents—9.05%), Banatski Karlovac (181 respondents—4.09%), Alibunar (218 respondents—8.09%) and Izbište (74 respondents—5.59%). All respondents were selected using a random sampling method.

The first part of the questionnaire contained the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. A total of 56% of respondents were female. All respondents are of legal age. Most respondents are in the age category of 35 to 44 years old. While the least number of respondents are in the 65 and over category. The average age of the respondents is 39 years. A total of 57% of respondents have a high education, 22% have a higher level of education, 13% of respondents have a Bachelor’s level of education, while 8% have a Master’s or PhD.

The research was conducted in the first half of 2025, in the period from March to June.

4. Results

It was determined that all questionnaires were validly completed after examining the information gathered from the responses provided by the participants and verifying that the data could be further statistically analyzed.

After analyzing the obtained average values (mean), values of the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, and KMO—Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy, the obtained results are shown in

Table 1. Results of obtained values of investigated spheres/variables (n = 1450).

Items	Residents
Spheres—Sf	Cronbach’s Alpha Value	Mean	KMO
Environmental benefits and a clean environment—Sf1	0.912	3.98	0.914
The reserve produces clean air for the surrounding settlements		3.69
In the reserve, I can enjoy the forest ecosystem		4.43
I can use the health trails in the reserve		4.64
I can use the trails for education		4.53
There are opportunities for recreation		4.88
The reserve provides benefits in terms of plant resources		3.94
There is no solid waste in/around the reserve		3.13
The reserve provides access to clean water		3.94
No wastewater from the settlement		4.17
Nature protection is also present around the reserve		3.84
Local population participates in control (tourism development, poaching)		3.09
The local population participates in environmental activities		4.11
Ecological facilities can be used in the reserve		3.75
Traditional agriculture is adapted to the ecology of the reserve		3.42
The reserve offers the opportunity to feed domestic animals (cattle grazing, edible fruits)		4.11
Economic benefits—Sf2	0.844	3.59	0.858
There is a controlled use of natural resources in the reserve		3.64
The local population is employed in the management of the reserve		3.04
The local population participates in the education of visitors		3.14
Local products are available to tourists		4.17
Accommodation in rural households is available to visitors		4.11
Reserve tourism contributes to the local economy		3.09
Residents are employed as local guides		3.05
Reserve tourism contributes to the development of local hospitality		4.01
The reserve has influenced the development of local infrastructure (traffic, cultural and tourist facilities)		4.07
Socio-cultural values and traditions—Sf3	0.851	4.01	0.958
The reserve influenced the habits of the residents		3.68
There are local events		4.17
Local customs are part of cultural tradition		4.21
Visitors are interested in local gastronomy		3.96
Local crafts are part of the tourist offer of the reserve		4.03
There is a tradition of hospitality		4.05
Local heritage is part of the tourist offer		3.87
Visitors often interact with residents		4.09

Items measured on a 5-point Likert agreement scale. α—Cronbach’s alpha reliability.

.

It is crucial to share the findings regarding the inhabitants’ satisfaction with the nature reserve that was the focus of the study after providing the data referring to the average values of the variables that were analyzed and assessing the reliability of the data collected. The values thus obtained are shown in

Table 2. Resident satisfaction with Deliblato Sands Special Nature Reserve.

Index	Residents (n = 1450)
	Cronbach’s Alpha Value	Mean	KMO
	0.829	4.28	0.825
I am satisfied because the reserve provides benefits for me and other residents		4.33
I am satisfied because the reserve has a positive effect on the quality of my life		4.64
The reserve is an integral part of my life		4.03
I am satisfied with the attitude of the residents towards the reserve		4.13

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Statistical analysis of variance indicated a satisfaction projection of 42%. According to the above, the satisfaction indicator was R² = 0.419. All statistical analyzes were performed for the level of statistical significance, i.e., probability value p < 0.05. This value is considered conventional and is most often used in statistical processing and data analysis in almost all scientific disciplines [67].

The impact of the examined spheres (Sf) on the level of satisfaction of the respondents can be shown in

Table 3. The impact of the reserve on the satisfaction of the local population.

Satisfaction with Reserve	Residents
	β 1	p-Value
Sf1	0.209	0.000
Sf2	0.301	0.000
Sf3	0.289	0.000

¹ Standardized β value used, R² = 0.419.

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5. Discussion

5.1. Analysis of Individual Values

After analyzing the values shown in Table 1, it can be concluded that the application of the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient indicates that all values are α > 0.60, which indicates the possibility of treating the values as very reliable for analysis. Also, the application of KMO indicates that the obtained values can be accepted as reliable. If the obtained average values of the examined spheres (Sf) are analyzed, it can be concluded that the displayed values (mean) are significantly above the average. Socio-cultural values and traditions have the highest value = 4.01. The ecological dimension has a value of 3.98. The Economic Sphere has the lowest value = 3.59, but this value is certainly above the average.

Analyzing the individual values of all items within socio-cultural values, it can be concluded that residents are very open to cooperation with visitors. There are local events, crafts, local products, and the willingness of local community representatives to participate in educational activities. The data obtained in this way can be compared with the results of the research by Cottrell et al. [57], Gong et al. [58], and Puhakka et al. [59]. In these studies, the socio-cultural dimension of sustainability is important for the state of sustainable tourism in the investigated PAs. The impact of the DSSN on the local community is most pronounced on their social life and collective habits within the community. Residents are ready to present their events, culture, customs, gastronomy, and other socio-cultural values to visitors. A significant part of the respondents noted that the reserve influenced the formation of their daily habits. This information is important for the analysis of the relationship between the local population and the PA. A positive relationship enables proper management of the reserve, control of tourism development and resource use, which is important for stakeholders [68,69]. The development and management of the PA is not possible without the active support of residents [70,71].

The outcomes that were displayed indicate the fact that residents have a formed and clear attitude towards the importance of ecological values. The analysis of individual values within the Ecological sphere indicates the fact that residents are ready to protect the nature of the reserve in different ways. Analyzing the average value of the item about the role of residents in the development of tourism and the prevention of poaching (3.09), it can be concluded that the findings show that the local population is less involved in regulating tourism growth and preventing poaching.

The most important activities are participation in the control of resource use, tourism development, poaching, and exploitation of resources. Analyzing the results, it can be concluded that the residents took an important environmental stance, which is the result of the impact of DSSN on their attitude towards nature and the protection of natural values. This result is important for developing a management strategy for this reserve or when developing a tourism development plan [72,73]. Preservation of nature as the main source of one’s own health, the life of flora and fauna, and other natural values is an important principle of modern life [74,75].

The economic benefits of the local population from the DSSN were rated somewhat lower, but certainly above average. Residents singled out the importance of nature reserves in terms of tourism development and their role in planning and development. The results of the analysis indicate that the residents are, to a certain extent, employed as managers of the PA and local guides, and that the tourism of the reserve contributes to the local economy. One of the novelties of this study refers to the data concerning economic opportunities for the local population. These opportunities arise as a consequence of the impact of the PA on the local economy and the potential income that residents can achieve through strengthening the mutual connection with the reserve. They consider tourism as a chance to promote their local goods to tourists and to focus on domestic amenities in catering. This is important information for tourism development planners. The willingness of the local community to participate in tourism is an important indicator and prerequisite for the development of rural and nature-based sustainable forms of tourism [76,77,78]. The lowest rated values are indicators that indicate the employment of residents in various jobs related to the reserve. The influence of the reserve on the local economy also has a lower value. In addition to the above, the respondents expressed their personal views that they are ready to engage in various activities related to planning, management, promotion, and control. This information is extremely important for stakeholders when preparing many planning documents and strategies for rural development, tourism development, and nature protection [79,80,81].

This could also indicate that the locals along the PA saw an opportunity to sell their products to visitors. Analyzing the findings of earlier studies, it can be said that PA can significantly affect the local population’s economic well-being, and that these effects may be felt through tourism. Tourism can make a positive economic contribution to all users of the PA. When tourism is properly organized, as it is with nature-based tourists, money can be raised for the local economy, education, and the preservation of the environment and species in the reserve. These revenues can be used directly to support a range of tourism development initiatives. In terms of its economic impact, tourism in PA can also be viewed as a way to raise money through donations, admission fees, rental and license fees, and taxes on travel companies and tourism-related businesses. The local people residing in the communities surrounding the protection zones and the expansion of the PA need to focus on the achievement of economic prosperity. These kinds of settlements ought to be valued as contractive tourism zones, or places where visitors first interact with the locals when they arrive at their destination and depart for PA.

5.2. Satisfaction Values

By analyzing the displayed satisfaction values (Table 2), it can be concluded that relatively high values are present. In addition to certain lower individual values of the examined spheres, the satisfaction of residents is more significant. The respondents gave the highest marks to the claim that DSSN influenced the quality of their lives = 4.64, which can be considered a very high value. The claim that the reserve provides benefits for residents was rated = 4.33. Somewhat lower values have the items of residents’ satisfaction with the reserve (4.13) and the items that the reserve is an integral part of their life (4.03). By analyzing the overall average value of satisfaction = 4.28, it can be concluded that DSSN has an important function in the lives of the local population.

If we compare this data with previous surveys, it can be concluded that the satisfaction of the residents in this survey differs. The respondents in this study shown a willingness to significantly adapt their lifestyle to the general function of the PA. This includes the way of collective life, modification of agriculture, involvement in protection programs, education and other activities.

Studying the results pertaining to the respondents’ specific experiences with the examined spheres (Table 3), it can be concluded that DSSN has a significant impact on the satisfaction of residents (0.000 < p < 0.05). Also, by analyzing the data, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the investigated variables. This indicates that DSSN significantly affects the satisfaction and life of residents, which was the main goal of this study and the main research question.

The average level of satisfaction achieved overall is 4.28. Even though several tested spheres’ individual average values are not high, it may be said that this value is comparatively high. An example of this is the Economic Sphere. These data points to the fact that residents rated the economic benefits of the reserve’s impact on their lives low but expressed their satisfaction in accordance with the overall opportunities that the reserve provides for them. These chances are specifically the financial ones that come from the growth of tourism and the promotion of regional goods to protect reserve guests. The novelty of this study is that the respondents recognized their opportunity to engage in educational programs, control tourism development and control the use of resources from the reserve. In this way, the reserve can influence job growth and strengthen the local economy. Along with the development of tourism, various funds can be provided that can be directed to rural local development and infrastructure, which can indirectly affect the increase in economic benefits for local communities, at the local and national levels.

The high value of the Socio-cultural dimension can be related to the cultural heritage of the ethnically diverse population that inhabits a wide area around the reserve. Different peoples have a rich folklore tradition characterized by local customs, events, economy, gastronomy, cultural-historic heritage, language, characteristic costume and melos, production of domestic products, way of building houses and other ethical standards. To promote local culture, all the principles mentioned above are currently included in local tourism activities. By emphasizing those concepts, local and national tourism initiatives may be better positioned, ultimately leading to greater sociocultural and economic advantages for the community. The impact of DSSN on the employment of the population and the local economy is the least rated item. Higher socio-cultural dimension values suggest that the local population performs an active role in advancing ethno-social values, which can be inferred from the replies of the respondents. The existence of local customs within the cultural tradition represents an important socio-cultural potential that can be an integral part of sustainable local development. Despite their differences, the values of the sociocultural and economic elements may suggest a relationship between them. Local and tourist growth can result in economic development, through greater employment, engagement of residents in various sectors, and the sale of products from the local economy. A well-designed and well-promoted tourist offer, which includes PA, can be a means of realizing the above benefits.

Upon analyzing each value displayed in the research findings, it can be stated that the local population has significantly created their daily habits and basic life activities according to the DSSN function. This PA provides residents with various benefits. Controlled use of resources from the reserve, opportunities for nutrition, recreation, and income, an unpolluted environment, and nature conservation are the advantages that the reserve provides to the local community. In addition, residents can promote their cultural heritage, historical heritage, language, customs, traditions, events, gastronomy, and other socio-cultural values. Establishing the involvement of locals in all activities and promoting sustainable tourism are two specific strategies.

Special attention should be paid to the growth of tourism within this nature reserve. The impact of the reserve on the satisfaction of residents can be a significant factor in the inclusion of PA in the tourist offer. The main leadership objectives should be based on the inclusion of residents in all activities related to the management of the reserve, control of resource use and tourism development. It is important to emphasize that the role of the local community is very important and that without it, planning activities cannot be implemented.

The research results of the mentioned studies in this article show the importance of protected areas for the sustainable development of tourism. Such development can be manifested through the ecological, economic, socio-cultural, and institutional dimensions of sustainability. In these studies, the importance of the ecological and institutional dimensions of sustainability is highlighted. Residents play an important role in these activities. This is similar to the results of this study. The role of residents is important for the protection, promotion, management, and development of tourism in PAs. The novelty of this study is that, in addition to the importance of the ecological dimension, the importance of the socio-cultural dimension is highlighted, which is manifested through the different roles of residents in protecting the area and promoting the natural and cultural values of the reserve. This information can be of great importance for future research, which should focus on examining a number of different possibilities for the role of residents. Residents can share their experiences with residents of other protected areas. In this way, a multifunctional connection with the PA on the one hand, and with visitors on the other hand, can be realized. The results of such studies can be used to create unique sustainable development strategies at the local, national, regional, and international levels. On the other hand, the preservation and function of the PAs would be improved.

When comparing the results of this study with previous findings, it can be concluded that PAs serve multiple functions. Not only can PAs contribute to the development of sustainable tourism, but they can also have different impacts on the local population that inhabits the area around the reserve. The novelty of this study is that the research results indicate that the local population adapts its lifestyle, domestic production, and activities to the PA. In addition, the novelty of this study points to the fact that tourism can be an important link between the local community and the reserve. Through various tourist activities, the role of residents can be strengthened. All this can result in the improvement of the protection of the ecosystem of the reserve and its cultural values. The sustainable development strategy should include the implementation of ecological components, environmental protection, and giving preference to those products that are organized in accordance with ecological standards. Successful development of sustainable tourism should be based on nature protection activities, proper development of tourism and involvement of residents in tourism development. The role of the local population is important from the aspect of making important decisions, which concern the tourism strategy, then in employment and in the presentation of their cultural heritage.

The main study limitations were related to the absence of written research data on the impact of this PA on the life of the local population from an earlier period. Therefore, it was not possible to perform a comparative analysis of the data. For the mentioned reasons, it was not possible feasible to give evaluations related to the improvement of the condition and management in the reserve, compared to the previous period.

6. Conclusions

If this study’s results are compared with those of research that used a relatively identical research model, it could be concluded that there is great similarity between our results and the results obtained from other PAs. This study’s findings highlight the significance of PAs in shaping the local population’s lifestyle, making it innovative in comparison to earlier studies. The survey shows a high degree of resident satisfaction in addition to PAs’ many benefits and values for residents. This can be linked to the existence of different opportunities for residents, which would improve their personal and material status. One of the conclusions of this study is that the development of tourism in the reserve can be important in strengthening the ecological, economic and socio-cultural values of the PA. It is possible to draw the conclusion that PAs play a significant role in both local and tourism development based on the overall results of the research, which shows that locals are highly satisfied with PAs and the range of potential the reserve provides. Residents’ perceptions of the ways in which PAs can influence their behavior through opportunities, advantages, or required interventions. A high level of satisfaction with PAs, even though high values are not present in all investigated spheres, indicates that PAs can have direct and indirect impacts on the local population. This is accomplished by either impacting specific environmental issues or by incorporating locals in the management, promotion, control, and preservation of tourism development. If residents actively participate in all local action plans and tourism development, they can also be guaranteed benefits from the protected zone.

Regarding the main research question in this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant satisfaction of respondents with the function of the DSSN, although not all investigated spheres were rated equally. This information may point to the fact that in PAs there is unused potential for a more significant role of the local population in various programs and activities. These are programs for the protection of nature and species, programs for the planning, development, and control of tourism development, guide services, inclusion in educational centers, the promotion of local culture, and the more significant inclusion of events and heritage in the tourist offer.

The study results indicate that the main link between the role of the local population and the PA can be properly developed through tourism. Successful implementation of ecological components, protection of the environment and giving priority to those products and services that are organized by ecological standards, in the implementation of marketing activities in the tourism of PAs, are imperative in the management of PAs. Sustainable tourism can represent one of the most widely accepted forms of space use, because it produces positive results at the level of overall tourism development [82].

The main limitations of this study were related to the possibility of mixing different external influences from the environment with the impacts that the protected area has on the residents. The settlements around the protected area are located on important regional roads, which connect this part of Serbia with Romania, Hungary, and other countries in the region. The favorable transit position of the reserve conditioned the development of infrastructure and hospitality for tourists in transit. In addition, the population that inhabits the area around the reserve is characterized by great multiculturalism and ethnic diversity. Serbs, Romanians, Hungarians, Slovaks, and other peoples live here, who greatly cherish their traditions, culture, and events. Therefore, it was difficult to identify the impacts that the protected area has on the residents from the perspective of the ethno-social dimension. For the above reasons, the survey questionnaires were drawn up with special care and did not contain ambiguous questions in any part.

Our future research will be related to the study of the impact of the protected area on the price of food, domestic products and housing, the construction of infrastructure and public transport, in areas inhabited by residents, and where this impact can be examined. The author’s future research will be related to the expansion of the research area, both in the country and in the region. The inclusion of a significantly larger number of PAs in the process of examining the impact of PAs on the life and habits of the local population can enable more reliable results to be obtained at the global level.