Spatial Differentiation of Ecotourist Perceptions Based on the Random Forest Model: The Case of the Gansu Section of the Yellow River Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Study Area and Data Source
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Sources
3.2.1. Fundamental Data
3.2.2. Remote Sensing Data
3.2.3. Questionnaire Data
4. Methods
4.1. Ecotourist Perception Evaluation Index System
4.2. One-Way ANOVA
4.3. Random Forest Models (RF)
4.3.1. Decision Trees
4.3.2. Random Forest
4.3.3. Overall Procedure
5. Result Analysis
5.1. The Identification and Classification of Ecotourism Attractions
5.2. Analysis of Tourists’ Knowledge in Ecotourism
5.3. Spatial Disparity of Ecotourists’ Perceptions
5.4. The Importance of Influencing Factors on Ecotourist Satisfaction, Revisitation, and Recommendation
6. Conclusions and Implications
6.1. Conclusions and Discussion
6.2. Implications for the Development of Ecotourism
6.2.1. Emphasize the Development of Ecotourism Resources
6.2.2. Implement Targeted Ecotourism Development Strategies in Different Regions
6.2.3. Implement Differentiated Ecotourism Development Strategies in Different Regions
6.2.4. Promote the Dissemination of Ecotourism Awareness
6.3. Limitations and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ecotourism Perception | Indicators |
---|---|
Nature perception | Air freshness |
Water clarity | |
Vegetation coverage | |
Accessibility perception | Good accessibility for external transportation |
Excellent internal transportation facilities | |
Service perception | Well-planned distribution of sanitation facilities |
Well-established ecological conservation measures | |
Atmosphere perception | Rich nature-based activities |
Abundant ecotourism offerings | |
Overall perception | I am satisfied with this visit |
I would repeat the visit | |
I will recommend the visit to my families and friends |
Basic Land Cover Types | The Subclass of Tourism Resources | The Class of Tourism Resources (Area Ratio %) |
---|---|---|
Sparse plants/valley bare land (hilly valleys, stratigraphic profiles, vertical natural zones and other natural landmarks and natural landscape structural phenomena) | AA Natural landscape complex AB Geology and structural traces AC Surface configuration AD Natural markers and natural phenomena | A geographic landscape (82.480%) |
Natural water bodies (rivers, lakes, waterfalls, and wetlands) | BA/BB Rivers/lakes | B Water landscape (0.698%) |
Snow/ice (snow cover with relatively low temperature) | BD Snow and ice land | |
Crops (wheat and flower) Woodland (single tree and jungle) | CA Vegetation landscape | C Biological landscape (12.784%) |
Water-flooded vegetation (aquatic animals and birds) Sand/shrub (terrestrial animals and butterflies) | CB Wildlife habitat | |
Construction area/human activity site (social and commercial activities, cultural activities, human settlements, bridges and roads, pavilions and other buildings) | EA Human landscape complex EB Practical architecture and core facilities EC Landscape and sketch architecture | E Architecture and facilities (4.038%) |
National key cultural relics protection units (4 in Gannan; 7 in Linxia; 10 in Lanzhou; 3 in Baiyin) National historical and cultural town (1 in Gannan; 3 in Lanzhou) Historical and cultural blocks in Gansu Province (2 in Gannan; 2 in Linxia; 5 in Lanzhou) National intangible cultural heritage (Gannan: 13 of national and 49 of provincial; Linxia: 11 of national and 28 of provincial; Lanzhou: 5 of national and 42 of provincial; Baiyin: 2 of national and 21 of provincial) | FA Tangible cultural heritage FB Intangible cultural heritage | FA Tangible historical relics (37 in total) FB Intangible historical relics (171 in total) |
Tourist Demographic | Ecotourists | Total | % | Tourist Demographic | Ecotourists | Total | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 296 | 545 | 54.31 | Household monthly income (Yuan) | No | 152 | 260 | 58.46 |
Female | 236 | 442 | 53.39 | Less than 3000 | 67 | 151 | 44.37 | ||
Age | <18 | 28 | 67 | 41.79 | 3000–5000 | 155 | 299 | 51.84 | |
18–30 | 265 | 449 | 59.02 | 5000–8000 | 93 | 171 | 54.39 | ||
30–45 | 130 | 221 | 58.82 | More than 8000 | 65 | 106 | 61.32 | ||
45–60 | 90 | 188 | 47.87 | Occupation | Student | 21 | 34 | 61.76 | |
60–77 | 17 | 57 | 29.82 | Civil servant | 91 | 186 | 48.92 | ||
>77 | 2 | 5 | 40.00 | Company employees | 60 | 100 | 60.00 | ||
Education | High school or below | 76 | 219 | 34.70 | Senior management | 49 | 69 | 71.01 | |
Junior college | 89 | 172 | 51.74 | Teachers | 175 | 297 | 58.92 | ||
Undergraduate | 320 | 538 | 59.48 | Workers | 22 | 69 | 31.88 | ||
Graduate and above | 47 | 58 | 81.03 | Retired personnel | 58 | 104 | 55.77 | ||
Self-employment | 14 | 52 | 26.92 | ||||||
Others | 42 | 76 | 55.26 |
Ecotourist Perception | Variables | Mean of Ecotourist Perception | Mean of Variables | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GN | LX | LZ | BY | GN | LX | LZ | BY | F-Value | p-Value | ||
Nature perception | Air | 4.076 | 3.99 | 4.107 | 4.138 | 4.16 | 4.16 | 4.36 | 4.26 | 0.44 | 0.72 |
Water | 4.08 | 4.09 | 3.95 | 4.08 | |||||||
Vegetation | 3.99 | 3.72 | 4.01 | 4.07 | |||||||
Accessibility perception | External transportation | 3.503 | 3.836 | 4.050 | 3.954 | 3.47 | 3.84 | 4.05 | 4.03 | 15.9 | 0.00 |
Internal transportation | 3.53 | 3.83 | 4.05 | 3.87 | |||||||
Service perception | Sanitation facilities | 3.605 | 3.914 | 4.073 | 4.069 | 3.56 | 3.92 | 4.16 | 4.03 | 14.5 | 0.00 |
Conservation measures | 3.65 | 3.91 | 3.99 | 4.10 | |||||||
Atmosphere perception | Nature-based activities | 3.281 | 3.445 | 3.476 | 3.586 | 3.11 | 3.37 | 3.34 | 3.60 | 2.84 | 0.00 |
Ecotourism offerings | 3.45 | 3.52 | 3.61 | 3.58 |
Ecotourist Perception | Satisfaction(%) | Revisitation (%) | Recommendation (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GN | LX | LZ | BY | GN | LX | LZ | BY | GN | LX | LZ | BY | |
Nature perception | 10.1 | 4.5 | 9.2 | 13.2 | 8.2 | 11.0 | 8.6 | 11.5 | 17.4 | 9.4 | 11.4 | 16.0 |
Accessibility perception | 14.4 | 13.7 | 9.1 | 13.9 | 10.7 | 6.4 | 11.3 | 13.0 | 7.1 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 14.1 |
Service perception | 14.5 | 16.8 | 14.9 | 8.7 | 13.5 | 12.6 | 6.7 | 17.2 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 12.8 | 6.6 |
Atmosphere perception | 6.0 | 12.7 | 12.2 | 7.7 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 19.1 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 5.3 |
Ecotourist Perception | Variables | Satisfaction (%) | Revisitation (%) | Recommendation (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GN | LX | LZ | BY | GN | LX | LZ | BY | GN | LX | LZ | BY | ||
Nature perception | Air | 13.9 | 4.2 | 12.6 | 11.9 | 10.2 | 14.1 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 20.3 | 8.1 | 5.0 | 14.5 |
Water | 12.6 | 2.0 | 8.7 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 12.0 | 8.3 | 12.8 | 15.2 | 20.7 | 19.9 | |
Vegetation | 3.8 | 7.4 | 6.4 | 21.9 | 8.1 | 12.7 | 6.6 | 21.0 | 19.0 | 4.9 | 8.6 | 13.5 | |
Accessibility perception | External transportation | 22.3 | 14.7 | 9.4 | 18.0 | 12.9 | 5.1 | 14.9 | 8.2 | 1.8 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 16.1 |
Internal transportation | 6.4 | 12.8 | 8.8 | 9.8 | 8.5 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 17.9 | 12.3 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 12.1 | |
Service perception | Sanitation facilities | 16.3 | 19.3 | 21.6 | 10.5 | 16.1 | 18.8 | 8.9 | 22.7 | 18.3 | 8.5 | 19.2 | 10.1 |
Conservation measures | 12.7 | 14.2 | 8.2 | 6.8 | 10.8 | 6.5 | 4.5 | 11.7 | 8.7 | 20.6 | 6.3 | 3.1 | |
Atmosphere perception | Nature-based activities | 6.0 | 14.4 | 13.5 | 7.7 | 12.4 | 10.8 | 22.4 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 5.8 | 9.5 | 3.9 |
Ecotourism offerings | 6.0 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 7.7 | 14.8 | 18.2 | 15.7 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 15.0 | 9.9 | 6.7 |
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Yuan, J.; Gao, H.; Shen, Y.; Ma, G. Spatial Differentiation of Ecotourist Perceptions Based on the Random Forest Model: The Case of the Gansu Section of the Yellow River Basin. Land 2024, 13, 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040560
Yuan J, Gao H, Shen Y, Ma G. Spatial Differentiation of Ecotourist Perceptions Based on the Random Forest Model: The Case of the Gansu Section of the Yellow River Basin. Land. 2024; 13(4):560. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040560
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Jing, Hang Gao, Yanlong Shen, and Guoqiang Ma. 2024. "Spatial Differentiation of Ecotourist Perceptions Based on the Random Forest Model: The Case of the Gansu Section of the Yellow River Basin" Land 13, no. 4: 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040560
APA StyleYuan, J., Gao, H., Shen, Y., & Ma, G. (2024). Spatial Differentiation of Ecotourist Perceptions Based on the Random Forest Model: The Case of the Gansu Section of the Yellow River Basin. Land, 13(4), 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040560