The Influence and Prediction of Built Environment on the Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly Based on Random Forest: Evidence from Guangzhou, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Subjective Well-Being (SWB)
2.3.2. Built Environment Characteristics
- Density: Population density (POD). Population density was calculated using the ratio of the sixth census data to the area of the region.
- Diversity: Land use mix (LUM). The concept of information entropy was introduced to calculate the land use structure. When entropy approaches 1, it represents higher land use diversity. When the land use is as uniform as possible, the entropy is 0 [40]. The formula was as follows:
- Design: street density. Street density (STD) was equal to the ratio of the total length of roads in an area to the total area.
- Distance to transit: The distance to the nearest bus station (DB) and subway station (DS) within the 1 km buffer zone was used to represent the distance to transit.
- Destination accessibility: This study used the number of public facilities within the 1 km buffer zone of the community to assess accessibility [26,30]. Many studies have confirmed that the public service facilities around the community are an important factor affecting the health of the elderly and are involved in their daily life [38]. These activities encompass not only aspects intrinsic to the residential life, but also those relevant to activities such as shopping, socializing, physical exercise, and medical care [41]. Aligned with the lifestyle of the elderly, this study selected supermarkets, parks, hospitals, and gymnasiums, calculating the number of these facilities within the community’s 1 km buffer zone.
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Impact of Individual Characteristic
3.3. The Influence of Built Environment on the SWB
3.3.1. The Contribution of Built Environment Characteristics to SWB
3.3.2. Prediction of SWB Based on Built Environment Characteristics
4. Discussion
4.1. The Important Characteristics of Built Environment on SWB of the Elderly
4.2. Strategies for Improving SWB of the Elderly
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean/Proportion (SD) | Variables | Mean/Proportion (SD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control variables | Age | 67.73 (8.63) | Dependent variables | CNY 4000 or above | 2.76% |
60–65 | 55.90% | SWB | 22.67 (2.66) | ||
65–70 | 39.85% | PA | 5.93 (1.00) | ||
70–75 | 3.72% | NA | 7.64 (0.90) | ||
Above 75 | 0.53% | PE | 8.79 (2.08) | ||
Gender | NE | 8.40 (0.76) | |||
Male | 49.89% | Independent variables | Density (the number of individuals per hectares) | ||
Female | 50.11% | POD | 336.85 (58.46) | ||
Educational Attainment | Diversity (within 1 km dwelling buffer) | ||||
Primary school or below | 25.38% | LUM | 0.65 (0.17) | ||
Middle school | 71.59% | Design (within 1 km dwelling buffer, km/km2) | |||
College or above | 3.09% | STD | 17.12 (7.37) | ||
Marital status | Distance to transit (nearest distance in meters to residence) | ||||
Single, divorced, or widowed | 16.60% | DB | 193.56 (142.09) | ||
Married | 83.36% | DS | 746.50 (741.25) | ||
Lifestyle | Destination accessibility (facility number within 1 km buffer) | ||||
Live alone | 13.81% | Park | 2.00 (1.34) | ||
Live with family | 86.11% | Hospital | 5.00 (3.75) | ||
Average monthly income | Supermarket | 53.00 (41.11) | |||
CNY 1000 or below | 3.22% | Gymnasium | 43.00 (28.47) | ||
CNY 1000–2000 | 23.55% | ||||
CNY 2000–4000 | 70.39% |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unstandardized Coefficient | Standardized Coefficient | Unstandardized Coefficient | Standardized Coefficient | ||||
B | SE | Beta | B | SE | Beta | ||
Demographic variables | (Constant) | 178.991 | 89.627 | - | 47.972 | 81.445 | - |
Male | 0.048 | 0.139 | 0.062 | 0.014 | 0.118 | 0.018 | |
60–65 | 0.067 | 0.074 | 0.196 | 0.114 | 0.071 | 0.333 | |
70–75 | 0.094 | 0.151 | 0.133 | 0.13 | 0.127 | 0.184 | |
Over 75 | 1.457 * | 0.718 | 0.367 | 1.475 * | 0.580 | 0.371 | |
Primary school or below | −0.059 | 0.341 | −0.118 | 0.011 | 0.299 | 0.022 | |
Middle school | −0.13 | 0.323 | −0.303 | −0.116 | 0.281 | −0.27 | |
College or above | 0.000 | 0.340 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.298 | 0.018 | |
Single, divorced or widowed | −0.227 | 0.333 | −0.506 | 0.214 | 0.290 | 0.476 | |
Married | −0.08 | 0.344 | −0.176 | 0.282 | 0.299 | 0.62 | |
Live with family | −0.447 | 0.375 | −1.125 | −0.281 | 0.319 | −0.708 | |
Live alone | −0.597 | 0.383 | −1.462 | −0.367 | 0.332 | −0.899 | |
CNY 1000 or below | −1.05 | 0.714 | −2.107 | −0.527 | 0.614 | −1.059 | |
CNY 1000–2000 | −1.097 | 0.82 | −2.331 | −0.295 | 0.722 | −0.626 | |
CNY 2000–4000 | −1.104 | 0.777 | −3.243 | −0.426 | 0.677 | −1.252 | |
CNY 1000 or below | −1.324 | 0.829 | −2.407 | −0.456 | 0.726 | −0.829 | |
Built environment characteristics | LUM | 0.449 | 0.936 | 0.084 | |||
POD | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.34 | ||||
STD | 0.018 | 0.029 | 0.143 | ||||
DS | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.156 | ||||
DB | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.086 | ||||
Hospital | −0.101 | 0.057 | −0.401 | ||||
Gymnasium | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.341 | ||||
Park | 0.18 | 0.121 | 0.241 | ||||
Supermarket | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.22 | ||||
R2 | 0.321 | 0.698 | |||||
△R2 | 0.321 | 0.377 |
Dimensions | Data Set | MAE | MBE | RMSE | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | Training set | 0.349 | 0.014 | 0.467 | 0.783 |
Test set | 0.396 | 0.035 | 0.515 | 0.680 | |
NA | Training set | 0.318 | 0.0006 | 0.435 | 0.763 |
Test set | 0.345 | 0.006 | 0.443 | 0.733 | |
PE | Training set | 0.690 | 0.013 | 0.891 | 0.802 |
Test set | 1.179 | 0.082 | 1.426 | 0.600 | |
NE | Training set | 0.331 | −0.010 | 0.477 | 0.618 |
Test set | 0.339 | −0.020 | 0.416 | 0.581 | |
SWB | Training set | 0.831 | 0.064 | 1.010 | 0.783 |
Test set | 0.655 | 0.159 | 0.857 | 0.683 |
Study Site | n | PA (Mean (SD)) | NA (Mean (SD)) | PE (Mean (SD)) | NE (Mean (SD)) | SWB (Mean (SD)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panyu District | 896 | 5.73 (0.53) | 7.15 (0.45) | 7.47 (0.88) | 8.07 (0.24) | 21.80 (1.05) |
Tianhe District | 889 | 6.66 (0.45) | 7.20 (0.54) | 8.70 (0.59) | 7.97 (1.09) | 24.05 (1.36) |
Haizhu District | 890 | 5.90 (0.45) | 7.88 (0.45) | 9.49 (0.76) | 8.43 (0.21) | 23.08 (0.57) |
Liwan District | 878 | 5.97 (0.58) | 7.55 (0.53) | 9.10 (0.82) | 8.52 (1.98) | 22.88 (0.91) |
Yuexiu District | 903 | 6.18 (0.48) | 8.05 (0.35) | 9.60 (0.58) | 8.57 (0.25) | 23.24 (0.46) |
Baiyun District | 892 | 5.87 (0.56) | 7.26 (0.40) | 8.15 (0.91) | 8.33 (0.29) | 22.16 (0.94) |
5348 | 5.92 (0.53) | 7.61 (0.55) | 8.40 (0.96) | 8.43 (1.31) | 22.68 (0.97) |
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Zhang, Y.; Luo, H.; Xie, J.; Meng, X.; Ye, C. The Influence and Prediction of Built Environment on the Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly Based on Random Forest: Evidence from Guangzhou, China. Land 2023, 12, 1940. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101940
Zhang Y, Luo H, Xie J, Meng X, Ye C. The Influence and Prediction of Built Environment on the Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly Based on Random Forest: Evidence from Guangzhou, China. Land. 2023; 12(10):1940. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101940
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yiwen, Haizhi Luo, Jiami Xie, Xiangzhao Meng, and Changdong Ye. 2023. "The Influence and Prediction of Built Environment on the Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly Based on Random Forest: Evidence from Guangzhou, China" Land 12, no. 10: 1940. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101940
APA StyleZhang, Y., Luo, H., Xie, J., Meng, X., & Ye, C. (2023). The Influence and Prediction of Built Environment on the Subjective Well-Being of the Elderly Based on Random Forest: Evidence from Guangzhou, China. Land, 12(10), 1940. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101940