Uncontrolled Exploitation of Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. and Associated Landscape Dynamics in the Kasenga Territory: Case of the Rural Area of Kasomeno (DR Congo)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area: Kasomeno Area in Kasenga Territory
2.2. Landsat Image Choice and Preprocessing
2.3. Landsat Image Classification
2.4. Landscape Dynamics Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Classification and Land Cover Mapping in the Kasomeno Region between 2009 and 2021
3.2. Landscape Composition within the Area of Illegal Exploitation of P. tinctorius in the Region of Kasomeno from 2009 to 2021
3.3. Landscape Spatial Pattern Dynamics
4. Discussion
4.1. Uncontrolled Logging of Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw., Miombo Woodland Deforestation and Agricultural Lands Dynamics within Kasomeno Region
4.2. Implications for Sustainable Miombo Woodland Management and Food Security
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forests | Savannahs | Fields | Other Land Cover | Total 2009 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forests | 47.2 | 6.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 54.8 |
Savannahs | 3.8 | 30.9 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 38.4 |
Fields | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.8 |
Other land cover | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 4.9 |
Total 2013 | 51 | 41.2 | 2.0 | 5.5 | |
Stability index | 4.1 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |
Forests | Savannahs | Fields | Other land cover | Total 2013 | |
Forests | 40.2 | 10.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 51.0 |
Savannahs | 2.5 | 34.9 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 41.2 |
Fields | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 2.1 |
Other land cover | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 5.6 |
Total 2017 | 42.8 | 49.3 | 1.2 | 6.6 | |
Stability index | 3.0 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |
Forests | Savannahs | Fields | Other land cover | Total 2017 | |
Forests | 31.7 | 10.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 42.9 |
Savannahs | 4.5 | 41.4 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 49.3 |
Fields | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
Other land cover | 0.2 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 6.5 |
Total 2021 | 36.4 | 56.9 | 2.3 | 4.4 | |
Stability index | 2.0 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Forests | Savannahs | Fields | Other Land Cover | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N 2009 | 5957.00 | 5663.00 | 3405.00 | 8709.00 |
CA 2009 | 540.20 (54.80) | 377.99 (38.40) | 18.30 (1.8) | 49.70 (4.9) |
am 2009 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Df 2009 | 1.47 | 1.46 | 1.42 | 1.49 |
LPI 2009 | 56.30 | 87.10 | 5.90 | 53.20 |
N 2013 | 6070.00 | 5570.00 | 3224.00 | 9234.00 |
CA 2013 | 503.90 (51.00) | 406.30 (41.20) | 20.60 (2.1) | 55.50 (5.6) |
am 2013 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Df 2013 | 1.45 | 1.46 | 1.39 | 1.48 |
LPI 2013 | 61.40 | 51.80 | 0.00 | 20.70 |
STP 2009–2013 | Dissection | Aggregation | Aggregation | Creation |
N 2017 | 7483.00 | 5469.00 | 2288.00 | 10,432.00 |
CA 2017 | 422.10 (42.90) | 484.90 (49.30) | 12.70 (1.30) | 66.40 (6.50) |
am 2017 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Df 2017 | 1.48 | 1.45 | 1.35 | 1.45 |
LPI 2017 | 65.60 | 60.10 | 2.20 | 21.40 |
STP 2013–2017 | Dissection | Aggregation | Attrition | Creation |
N 2021 | 7730.00 | 7082.00 | 3807.00 | 9617.00 |
CA 2021 | 358.70 (36.40) | 559.70 (56.90) | 22.60 (2.30) | 45.20 (4.40) |
am 2021 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Df 2021 | 1.46 | 1.45 | 1.36 | 1.44 |
LPI 2021 | 38.40 | 94.20 | 1.10 | 31.00 |
STP 2017–2021 | Dissection | Creation | Creation | Attrition |
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Mukenza, M.M.; Muteya, H.K.; Nghonda, D.-D.N.; Sambiéni, K.R.; Malaisse, F.; Kaleba, S.C.; Bogaert, J.; Sikuzani, Y.U. Uncontrolled Exploitation of Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. and Associated Landscape Dynamics in the Kasenga Territory: Case of the Rural Area of Kasomeno (DR Congo). Land 2022, 11, 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091541
Mukenza MM, Muteya HK, Nghonda D-DN, Sambiéni KR, Malaisse F, Kaleba SC, Bogaert J, Sikuzani YU. Uncontrolled Exploitation of Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. and Associated Landscape Dynamics in the Kasenga Territory: Case of the Rural Area of Kasomeno (DR Congo). Land. 2022; 11(9):1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091541
Chicago/Turabian StyleMukenza, Médard Mpanda, Héritier Khoji Muteya, Dieu-Donné N’Tambwe Nghonda, Kouagou Raoul Sambiéni, François Malaisse, Sylvestre Cabala Kaleba, Jan Bogaert, and Yannick Useni Sikuzani. 2022. "Uncontrolled Exploitation of Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. and Associated Landscape Dynamics in the Kasenga Territory: Case of the Rural Area of Kasomeno (DR Congo)" Land 11, no. 9: 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091541
APA StyleMukenza, M. M., Muteya, H. K., Nghonda, D.-D. N., Sambiéni, K. R., Malaisse, F., Kaleba, S. C., Bogaert, J., & Sikuzani, Y. U. (2022). Uncontrolled Exploitation of Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. and Associated Landscape Dynamics in the Kasenga Territory: Case of the Rural Area of Kasomeno (DR Congo). Land, 11(9), 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091541