Green Public Areas and Urban Open Spaces Management: New GreenCAL Tool Algorithms and Circular Economy Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Green Areas Mapping
- Meteorology does not influence the planning of interventions;
- An average grass production of approximately 1.2–2 kg/m2/year has been considered;
- Variation of temperature and precipitation rate are not considered over the year.
- Use of plant species with similar pedoclimatic needs that are compatible with the soil properties and the territorial characteristics;
- Enhancing urban biodiversity and connections within networks of green areas;
- Increasing the number of plant species;
- Using endemic species with well-established performance;
- Reducing water requirements and maintenance.
3.2. Estimate of the Economic Needs by Using GreenCAL Tool
- : progressive number associated with each area;
- j: type of processing (j = 1 mowing with brush cutter, j = 2 mowing with lawnmower, j = 3 mowing with mulcher, and j = 4 for vegetation clean up—removal of bushes);
- : i-surface i- [m2];
- : part of surface i-th subject to j-th type of mowing [m2];
- unit price of the j-th processing without collection of the resulting material [€/m2];
- : unit price of the j-th work with collection of the resulting material [€/m2];
- : final unit cost of the i-th surface without collection of the resulting material [€/m2];
- : final unit cost of the i-th surface with collection of the resulting material [€/m2];
- n: number of UOS and green areas (n= 458 in the first census of the present study).
- The economic requirement for the maintenance of the surveyed areas is limited to grass mowing operations;
- The trees and their spatial distribution are not represented; therefore, the real working time and the actual quality of the material on the ground (purity of mowing) are neglected;
- The predicted cost for the areas mapped for the first time or for those for which no budget was available before data processing, was obtained from statistical correlations. Therefore, the cost indicated by competent authorities was used as a “high-cut filter” on the maximum unit costs obtainable for the specific area;
- Obstacles within the UOS, such as urban furnishing items, trees, pedestrian walkways, monuments, cycle paths, escarpments, etc., may somehow affect the processing time and the type of machinery used to cut the grass, nevertheless they are not taken into consideration.
3.3. Forestation of Abandoned Urban Open Space
4. Results
4.1. Green Areas Mapping
- Public procurements (private companies engaged through public selection);
- Internal gardener’s staff (daily engaged for high quality services);
- Sponsorships (carried out by third parties on a few highly visible spot);
- Collaboration agreements (spontaneous activity of citizens and volunteers).
4.2. Estimate of Economic Needs
4.3. Implementation of Sustainable Cutting Grass Scenarios
4.4. Estimate of the Carbon Sink through Reforestation
5. Discussion
5.1. Management Approach for UOS’s Maintenance
5.2. Contribution of Mowing to a Virtuous Organic Waste Management
5.3. Alternative Options to Improve Management of UOS and Reduce Organic Waste Production
5.4. Limitation and Perspective of the Present Research
6. Conclusions
- The UOS and their maintenance play a major role in managing the urban ecosystem in order to guarantee full and safe enjoyment by citizens. Constant and effective management of UOS influences the ecology, landscape, health, hygiene, and recreational aspects of society;
- Geoinformation technology can provide a useful and a flexible tool for mapping UOS. In the future, new technologies such as Copernicus services and, in general, the processing of high-resolution satellite images, with the increase of specific competences of the public administrations’ technical services, may open new horizons for environmental characterization and the development of more exhaustive analysis, supporting an increasingly effective and comprehensive urban and landscape management;
- The computational modules implemented in this work can be adopted as a standard to support correct management and to reduce the production of lignocellulosic organic waste. Specific algorithms, calibrated by using the costs of public procurements, allowed us to support investments for differentiated maintenance of public green areas in relation to their destination, also to reduce fire risks during dry season;
- The methodology implemented in the present paper allows the management of public green areas, taking into account the frequency of maintenance and foreseeing the cost for new areas. The developed model, which can be easily updated and applied to other contexts by means of variable cost units, helps to determine the number of mowing operations required and the related budget allocations necessary for cutting operations within public green areas. The option of managing plant residues is a relevant factor that strongly affects operating costs. The obtained scenarios can contribute to decreasing the budget necessary to carry out periodic maintenance of the UOS: in the study area, a 60–70% cost cut was highlighted by operating in this way.
- The maintenance of mowing within UOS influences their usability and healthiness. UOS management must be carefully defined within the framework of urban planning in order to prevent budget disruptions due to high management costs and increasing waste production: suffice it to say that mowing removal increases running costs by nearly 24%.
- European legislation defines biodegradable waste from gardens and parks as organic waste, and waste from public green maintenance (leaves, grass cuttings, and tree pruning) are classified as urban waste. The reluctant attitude of the Italian legislator to adapting national legislation similar to the European seems influenced by the objectives of the circular economy, which consider prevention of the production of waste as a priority action. It is not the first time that some natural resource is subject to an oscillatory classification, which considers it as a waste and a resource at the same time [81]. Such contradiction could be considered through differentiated management options, following the principles of the circular economy. Future perspectives for the exploitation of cuttings need to be considered, since large, sparsely frequented and “unpolluted” UOS offer the opportunity to contribute to the production of community or proximity compost, as well as their use in agriculture.
- Reforestation activities within uncultivated green areas can also be easily simulated using the geospatial analyst tool of QGIS from which CO2 adsorption can be estimated and mitigation and adaptation strategies against climate changes at a local scale can be sustained.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Monthly Mean (Latina) | Annual Mean | |||||||||||
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | ||
T (°C) | 9.7 | 10.7 | 12.8 | 16.2 | 19.3 | 23.9 | 26.7 | 27.0 | 23.3 | 19.2 | 15.0 | 10.9 | 17.90 |
P (mm) | 91.4 | 96.2 | 100.5 | 50.4 | 50.3 | 18.6 | 14.9 | 23.4 | 73.5 | 106.0 | 166.6 | 97.0 | 74.05 |
Monthly Mean (Borgo Carso) | Annual Mean | ||||||||||||
T (°C) | 7.77 | 8.46 | 10.73 | 13.86 | 16.62 | 21.23 | 23.68 | 23.67 | 20.10 | 16.29 | 12.50 | 8.62 | 15.29 |
P (mm) | 87.50 | 92.06 | 97.45 | 52.45 | 59.85 | 24.02 | 23.25 | 22.44 | 79.21 | 96.74 | 155.99 | 91.83 | 91.83 |
Data | Source | Description | Technical Specifications |
---|---|---|---|
CAD Planimetry of green areas | Public Green Territorial Cadastre 2005 DWG files | DWG green areas bounding polygons (last update: 2005) | Scale 1:5000 |
Green areas list | Special Tender Specifications 2018—Microsoft Word files | List of areas | Name of areas and relative surfaces (m2) |
Topographic dataset | Lazio Region Technical Chart Shapefile and WMS Service | Polygons and lines defining the essential topographic elements | Scale 1:5000 SR: Gauss Boaga-Roma40 Eastern zone (EPSG 3004) |
Municipal green areas dataset | OpenStreetMap (OSM) Shapefile | Urban green areas polygons mapped by the OSM community | Scale 1:5000 SR: WGS84 (EPSG:4326) |
Cadastral map | Italian Revenue Agency WMS Service | Cadastral parcels delimitation polygons | Scale 1:2000 SR: ETRS89/UTM zone 33N (EPSG: 25833) |
Digital Orthophotos | Italian Agency for Payments in Agriculture WMS Service | Orthophotos acquired with digital camera with flights between 15 May 2012 and 27 July 2012 | Scale 1:10,000 SR: WGS84-UTM33 (EPSG: 32633) |
Type and Description |
---|
Green areas of the city and suburbs (parks, gardens, areas with and without playgrounds) |
Green traffic dividers (green traffic islands) |
Green areas adjacent to parking lots (public car parks only) |
Marginal green areas (green areas with spontaneous vegetation) |
Green areas adjacent to roads (road relevant green) |
Green areas of school complexes of the city and the suburbs |
Data | Source | Description | Technical Specifications |
---|---|---|---|
Maintenance costs | Accounting report of the Office (year 2018) Microsoft Excel files | Table containing surface data by type of processing in each area (63.75% of the areas surveyed thanks to this study) | Areas in m2 and total costs in € |
GIS surface database | Calculation derived from mapping .dbf files | Table containing updated metric information based on this study | Areas in m2 |
Unit prices of processing | Lazio Region Fares Regional Council Resolution n.412 of 06/08/2012 | List of unit prices associated with the four types of mowing used in the Municipality of Latina | Unit prices in €/m2 |
Macro Area | Description | (m2) |
---|---|---|
A | Green public areas of the city | 1,196,074 |
B | Green public and school areas in the suburbs | 272,193 |
C | Green areas adjacent to schools within the city | 128,116 |
TOTAL | 1,596,393 |
Mowing (n) | Without Collection (€) | With Collection (€) |
---|---|---|
1 | 255,464 | 315,963 |
2 | 510,928 | 631,926 |
4 | 1,021,856 | 1,263,852 |
* 6 | * 1,532,784 | * 1,895,778 |
8 | 2,043,712 | 2,527,704 |
10 | 2,554,640 | 3,159,630 |
12 | 3,065,568 | 3,791,556 |
Maintenance Level | Description | Surface |
---|---|---|
High | Areas with wider users than the district in which they are located, generally of urban and functional interest (including parks); school gardens for which mowing is planned on a regular basis. | 38.08% 607,889 m2 |
Medium | Green spaces at district level (generally not equipped and not having a particularly strong aesthetic value, but falling in areas with a significant presence of housing); cycle paths in a naturalistic peri-urban context; road roundabouts with urban furnishing items, for which interventions are concentrated in the spring-summer months. | 32.61% 520,563 m2 |
Low | Marginal green areas larger than 500 m2 where alternative practices could be envisaged (e.g., haymaking); traffic divider beds and roadside green areas with a predominantly linear extension at the edge of the carriageways, for which maintenance interventions are foreseen to a minimum. | 29.31% 467,930 m2 |
ML | SCENARIO 1 (1,511,063 €) | Cost (€) | |||||||||||
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | ||
High | X | X | X | X | X | X | 704,304 | ||||||
Medium | X | X | X | X | X | 534,035 | |||||||
Low | X | X | X | 272,724 | |||||||||
SCENARIO 2 (1,286,872 €) | |||||||||||||
High | X | X | X | X | X | 586,920 | |||||||
Medium | X | X | X | X | 427,228 | ||||||||
Low | X | X | X | 272,228 |
Area Code | Localization | Identification Code | Surface m2 | Number of Threes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min Density 5 × 5 m | Max Density 15 × 15 m | ||||
LT129 | Via Copenhagen/Via Vienna | Sheet 136 | 13,722 | 411 | 55 |
Parcels 922-271-272 | |||||
LT208 | Via Scipione l’Africano | Sheet 137 | 19,617 | 571 | 64 |
Parcels 39 | |||||
LT_Q18 (part) | Oasi Verde “Susetta Guerrini” | Sheet 200 | 7635 | 231 | 32 |
Parcels 1158 | |||||
- | Strada Cieca–Borgo S. Michele | Sheet 121 | 167,037 | 4700 | 546 |
Parcels 59-103-61-62 | |||||
- | TOTAL | - | 208,011 | 5913 | 697 |
EER Codes | Description |
---|---|
20 | Municipal waste (domestic and similar waste produced by commercial and industrial activities as well as by institutions), including waste from separate collection. |
20 02 | Garden and park waste (including cemetery waste). |
20 02 01 | Biodegradable waste. |
Mowing and pruning | Mowing and pruning resulting from the maintenance of private green areas and UOS were excluded from the category of by-products according to Italian Law n. 37, 05/03/2019, Art. 20, referred to as “the European Law” of year 2018. In the current regulatory framework, recently updated by EU 851/2020 Directive (adopted by Italian D.lgs. 116/2020), mowing and pruning are classified as organic waste. |
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Cappucci, S.; Nappi, S.; Cappelli, A. Green Public Areas and Urban Open Spaces Management: New GreenCAL Tool Algorithms and Circular Economy Implications. Land 2022, 11, 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060886
Cappucci S, Nappi S, Cappelli A. Green Public Areas and Urban Open Spaces Management: New GreenCAL Tool Algorithms and Circular Economy Implications. Land. 2022; 11(6):886. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060886
Chicago/Turabian StyleCappucci, Sergio, Serena Nappi, and Andrea Cappelli. 2022. "Green Public Areas and Urban Open Spaces Management: New GreenCAL Tool Algorithms and Circular Economy Implications" Land 11, no. 6: 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060886
APA StyleCappucci, S., Nappi, S., & Cappelli, A. (2022). Green Public Areas and Urban Open Spaces Management: New GreenCAL Tool Algorithms and Circular Economy Implications. Land, 11(6), 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060886