Sustainability and Tourist Activities in Protected Natural Areas: The Case of Three Natural Parks of Andalusia (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The economic dimension focuses on economic growth, efficiency and optimisation of resources [38,60,62] for the satisfaction of material human needs and objectives [63], job creation and long-term competitiveness [38], while preventing economic growth from pressuring other sustainability dimensions [64]. Although there are increasing constraints for tourism policy, planning and management to consider and incorporate into sustainability issues [65], biases often occur towards the economic dimension [32].
- The sociocultural dimension emphasises respect for the material and immaterial culture of the community [2,38,63] and social capital [38], which results in the strengthening of equity, social cohesion and improvement of the quality of life [38,62] and contributes to intercultural understanding and tolerance [38]. The sociocultural dimension is valuable in addressing the problems of tourism development [58], fundamental in rural tourism based on a close personal interaction between residents and visitors, contributing to the revaluation of authenticity and identity [2,66].
- The political–institutional dimension concentrates on the political system and the distribution of power [62,67], including the development of management systems, governance and stakeholder participation [38,63,68], and a favourable context, defined by the regulatory framework and institutional structures [34] without which sustainable tourism cannot exist.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Methods
2.2. Case Study
3. Results
3.1. The Presence of Dominant Discourses and the Rhetoric of Sustainability
- (1)
- The sustainability of traditional activities and tourism is necessary; “without sustainability there is no development” (Int03); raising awareness among companies and the local population is essential.
- (2)
- Traditional and tourist activities are sustainable, but sustainability creates “a difficulty to compete” (Int32); urban spaces receive “water, air and recreation” (Int17) for which the NtPs “need compensation” (Int01).
- (3)
- Sustainability is “something to sell nature” (Int33), and now “everything has to be sustainable” (Int04).
3.2. The Pre-Eminence of One Dimension over the Others in Sustainability in Tourist Activities
- (1)
- Most consider sustainability inherent in traditional and tourist activities since “the environment has been preserved because traditional activities are sustainable” (Int19). They relate nature tourism and ecotourism to recreation and some complementary activities. Despite some denials, they primarily defend the need to control capacity to avoid overcrowding so that it does not damage traditional activities. Only some interviewees identify climate change as an issue, without considering it imminent, and refuse to foster legislation, expressing that “it is necessary to adapt, but we are used to it” (Int22). As measures for sustainability, these stakeholders propose betting on experiential ecological tourism and smart rural destinations, with the limitation that there are no subsidies and aid for sustainability. In contrast, others suggest sustainable investments, e.g., renewable and efficient energies, diversification of products, motorhomes, enhancement of resources, trails, paths and renovations. Sound practices are related to the development of municipal strategic plans and are exemplified by accommodation companies, agri-food companies with a tourist offer, outdoor activities and extreme sports, adventure parks and heritage rehabilitation. The model to follow as a destination refers to other municipalities of the NtP and other NtPs of Andalusia and the Basque Country.
- (2)
- The perception of sustainability as the basis of development is limited to some municipal stakeholders who advocate that traditional and tourist activities are generally sustainable, but “not everything rural is sustainable” (Int20), making awareness necessary. They identify nature tourism and ecotourism with active and sports tourism, disconnection and personalised services and experiences. They highlight a non-massive context, especially in more peripheral municipalities, and the need to limit the tourist flow and plan. Tourist companies are held responsible for overcrowding “because they think that the more people the better instead of looking for a model of quality business” (Int03), and seasonality is very marked. They relate global change as a major issue. Collaborative projects such as SMSTRE, LongDistance Trail 48, RJ, ecovillages, municipal awareness campaigns, programs against depopulation and cultural and environmental initiatives and activities as well as accommodation companies with tourist activities (agritourism, gastro-tourism) stand out as good practices. They mention regional models with particular emphasis on cultural initiatives.
- (3)
- Sustainability as an NtP imposition is seen by the minority (SNS, SH), which points out that tourism activity has to be developed “within a sustainable framework” (Int21). It has to be legal and certified to satisfy tourists “who seek sustainability” (Int21), and this has increased during the pandemic. They do not consider over-frequency and overload, except at specific times due to the pandemic, and do not perceive any effect of global change. The measures for sustainability are related to tourism quality, while routes oriented toward a specific segment of demand are considered an example of good practice. As a model, Navarra is mentioned.
- (1)
- A majority group, consisting of tourism companies and business associations, attribute tourism sustainability to: (a) local companies that work for environmental and economic sustainability, while foreign companies do not carry out sustainable activities; (b) the activities that are internally monitored as sustainable versus the non-monitored unsustainable ones; (c) sustainable private business activities versus unsustainable public ones because they are unrealistic and compete with private ones. These companies agree that sustainable tourism does not exist and sustainability is not a motivation, despite some changes since the pandemic as tourists, especially youth, are progressively getting involved with sustainability and complying with the rules. Betting on nature tourism and ecotourism is done for the central values of the territory, the “silence, the place” (Int23). New types of transport such as bicycles and horseback riding are available for a tourist who does not want to go by car and is respectful of the environment, though it costs more. Overcrowding and overload are not an issue, and conflicts are due to the lack of visitors’ civility. The measures for sustainability proposed are limited to training and awareness actions, and the references to global change are few. They are reluctant to converse about good practices. However, networks such as SMSTRE, RJ, service companies such as electric bicycles, adventure parks and the creation of charging points for electric vehicles are mentioned, pointing to quality certifications as an impediment. Management models are from neighboring municipalities and NtPs, indicating companies with similar activities and providing examples such as the Pyrenees or the Spanish Ecotourism Club.
- (2)
- A minority group of tourism companies perceives that tourism sustainability is due to the company’s efforts since many wield “the flower of sustainability, and those who have spent their entire lives working in the territory, on the other hand, do not have any recognition” (Int12). They relate nature tourism with a source of employment that provides differential value in terms of negative value. It distinguishes between ecotourists who come from abroad looking for a specific offer and sustainability and nearby travelers looking for a place for their vacations and travelling in a group. At the same time, tourist satisfaction is unrelated to sustainability. Overcrowding and overloading are considered a “cancer of the territory” (Int10) that occurs in specific attractions due to lack of action and regulation, especially in the best-connected places. Self-limitation, the non-admission of large groups and the search for under-tourism are pointed out as sustainability measures. These companies understand global change as an essential and multidimensional issue. Although it does not currently affect reserves, going so far as to point out that it is necessary to “educate ourselves and educate others” (Int13), the change of tourist activities towards sustainability and the search for new, nearby markets is needed due to the decline in international tourism in the context of global change. They primarily emphasise the individual measures for sustainability, e.g., not having a pool, eliminating chemicals, ensuring energy efficiency, creating ecotourism experiences, and realising FAM trips and environmental certifications. Good practices include the implementation of municipal 2030 agendas and programs against depopulation, promoting stargazing and bird watching and strengthening companies with specific cultural and environmental activities in the open air or extreme sports without emphasizing role models.
3.3. The Political–Institutional Dimension: The Relationships between Stakeholders and the Difficulties in the Management of the Tourist Space
- Municipal stakeholders: collaboration with other municipalities is based on formal and informal networks.
- Municipal stakeholders and tourism companies: municipal support for companies.
- LAG managers are the generation of networks with the different LAGs and with other external local agents.
- The disagreements between the regional administration, i.e., NtPs, regional ministries and the municipal stakeholders, are seen by other stakeholders, which generate management conflicts and divergences caused by the restrictive regulations, the top-down approach, the ineffectiveness of the NtPs and the lack of communication.
- The competition between municipalities, observed by LAGs, municipalities and business associations, generates a lack of coordination, tourist micro-destinations and inequality in the distribution of public and private SIEs, caused by the rivalry between municipalities and the generation of lobbyists, centre-and-periphery relations and the lack of communication.
- The administrative limits created a lack of interterritorial cooperation, as perceived by the NtPs directors, all the LAGs managers and a municipal stakeholder.
- The lack of coordination and a common tourism strategy within the NtPs, perceived by tourism companies and business associations, causes the lack of destinations and a brand.
4. Discussion
4.1. The Presence of Dominant Discourses and the Rhetoric of Sustainability
4.2. The Pre-Eminence of One Dimension over the Others in the Sustainability of Tourist Activities
4.3. The Political–Institutional Dimension, the Relations between Stakeholders and the Difficulties in the Tourist Space Management
4.3.1. Public–Public Level
- (a)
- There is the presence of two dominant discourses, i.e., mercantilism and conservationism.
- (b)
- Local politicians understand themselves as the supporters of the local population and the productive system, as the self-assigned function [72].
- (c)
- (d)
- Directors perceive the municipal stakeholders as opposing the NtPs [133].
4.3.2. Private–Private Level
- (a)
- Local companies’ origin of the promoters or investment is attributed to sustainability [76] because they are local, thus questioning the legitimacy of external initiatives [141]. They do not consider their characteristics and connections with the community [142] nor the role of the neo-rural [66,143] in neo-endogenous tourism [144] or community-based tourism, which is especially visible in SAPA [13]. Foreign companies, however, blame local companies for their lack of originality [21,22].
- (b)
- The professionalisation of the activity refers to companies with tourism as their primary activity, which emphasise that those with tourism as a secondary, non-professionalised activity do not take care of sustainability. Therefore, the reason is opportunism that considers tourism an attractor [99] and the lack of business culture and training [27].
- (c)
- The type of activity points to non-business activities as a significant issue as such activities do not have business maintenance costs and act as unfair competition. They consider the offer of cultural and environmental activities by cultural and private associations as either unregulated or illegal [20,27,104]. In contrast, unmonitored activities and autonomous tourism are perceived as unsustainable [64].
4.3.3. Public–Private Level
- (a)
- The benefit of the municipalities to local companies is an obstacle for exogenous companies [41], regardless of their characteristics, especially relevant in the SH.
- (b)
- The benefit of the municipalities to the external companies for the search for external financing, investments and capital flows in the short term [31,72] as an expression of the mercantilist discourse and the development of alliances with external capital [12] that hinders internal entrepreneurship, mainly prevailing in SAPA and SNS municipalities.
- (c)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DSMBR | Dehesas de Sierra Morena Biosphere Reserve |
Int | Interviews |
LAGs | Local Action Groups |
NtP | Nature Park |
PNA | Protected Nature Areas |
RJ | Ruta del Jabugo |
SAPA | Nature Park Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche |
SH | Nature Park Sierra de Hornachuelos |
SIEs | Services, infrastructures and [types of] equipment |
SMSTRE | Sierra Morena Starlight Reserve |
SNS | Nature Park Sierra Norte de Sevilla |
UWGpSNS | UNESCO World Geopark Sierra Norte de Sevilla |
References
- Vaccaro, I.; Beltran, O. Consuming space, nature and culture: Patrimonial discussions in the hyper-modern era. Tour. Geogr. 2007, 9, 254–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Figueiredo, E. Imagine there’s no rural: The transformation of rural spaces into places of nature conservation in Portugal. Eur. Urban Reg. Stud. 2008, 15, 159–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saxena, G.; Clark, G.; Oliver, T.; Ilbery, B. Conceptualizing integrated rural tourism. Tour. Geogr. 2007, 9, 347–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ramsey, D.; Malcolm, C.D. The importance of location and scale in rural and small town tourism product development: The case of the Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre, Manitoba, Canada. Can. Geogr.-Geogr. Can. 2017, 62, 250–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mormont, M. La Agricultura en el Espacio Rural Europeo. Agric. Y Soc. 1994, 71, 17–49. [Google Scholar]
- Wilson, G. Multifunctional quality and rural community resilience. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 2010, 35, 364–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prideaux, B. Building visitor attractions in peripheral areas-Can uniqueness overcome isolation to produce viability? Int. J. Tour. Res. 2002, 4, 379–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinto-Correia, T.; Breman, B. Understanding marginalization in the periphery of Europe: A multidimensional process. In Sustainable Land Management; Brouwer, F., Van Rheenen, T., Dhillion, S.S., Elgersma, A.M., Eds.; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2008; pp. 11–40. [Google Scholar]
- EUROPARC. Memoria de Actividades. EUROPARC España. 2010; EUROPARC España: Madrid, Spain, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Woodhouse, E.; Bedelian, C.; Dawson, N.; Barnes, P. Social impacts of protected areas: Exploring evidence of trade-offs and synergies. In Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation: Trade-Offs and Governance; Schreckenberg, K., Poudyal, M., Mace, G., Eds.; Routledge: Oxon, UK, 2018; pp. 222–240. [Google Scholar]
- Atauri-Mezquida, J.A.; Muñoz-Santos, M.; Múgica-de-la-Guerra, M. Protected Areas in the Face of Global Change Climate Change Adaptation in Planning and Management; EUROPARC-Spain: Madrid, Spain, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Marsden, T.; Murdoch, J.; Lowe, P.; Flynn, A. Constructing the Countryside; UCL Press: London, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Ruiz-Ballesteros, E. Consumir y consumar naturaleza. Prácticas turísticas en la naturalización de la Sierra de Aracena. Trab. De Antropol. E Etnol. 2018, 58, 1–17. [Google Scholar]
- Riechers, M.; Balázsi, A.; Abson, D.J.; Fischer, J. The influence of landscape change on multiple dimensions of human–nature connectedness. Ecoc. Sol. 2020, 25, 3. [Google Scholar]
- Romagosa, F.; Eagles, P.F.J.; Buteau-Duitschaever, W. Evaluación de la gobernanza en los espacios naturales protegidos. El caso de la Columbia Británica y Ontario (Canadá). An. Geogr. Univ. Complut. 2012, 32, 133–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Troitiño-Vinuesa, M.A. Espacios naturales protegidos y desarrollo rural: Una relación territorial. Bol. Asoc. Geogr. Esp. 1995, 20, 23–37. [Google Scholar]
- Zawilińska, B. Residents’ attitudes towards a national park under conditions of suburbanisation and tourism pressure: A case study of Ojcow National Park (Poland). Europ. Countrys. 2020, 12, 119–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flather, C.H.; Cordell, H.K. Outdoor recreation: Historical and anticipated trends. In Wildlife and Recreationists. Coexistence through Management and Research; Knight, R.L., Gutzwiller, K.J., Eds.; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1995; pp. 3–16. [Google Scholar]
- Araque-Jiménez, E.; Crespo-Guerrero, J.M. Conservation versus développement? Une nouvelle situation conflictuelle dans les parcs naturels andalous. Collect. EDYTEM. Cah. De Géographie 2010, 10, 113–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garzón-García, R.; Ramírez-López, M.L. Las áreas protegidas como territorios turísticos: Análisis crítico a partir del caso de los parques naturales de la Sierra Morena andaluza. Cuad. Tur. 2018, 41, 249–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anton-Clavé, S.; Blay-Boqué, J.; Salvat-Salvat, J. Turismo, actividades recreativas y uso público en los parques naturales. Propuesta para la conservación de los valores ambientales y el desarrollo productivo local. Bol. Asoc. Geogr. Esp. 2008, 48, 5–38. [Google Scholar]
- Arnegger, J.; Woltering, M.; Job, H. Toward a product-based typology for nature-based tourism: A conceptual framework. J. Sustain. Tour. 2010, 18, 915–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krippendorf, J. The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impacts of Leisure and Travel; Butterworth-Heinemann: London, UK, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Aparicio-Sánchez, M.S. El Reto del Turismo en los Espacios Naturales Protegidos Españoles: La Integración Entre Conservación, Calidad y Satisfacción. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Burgess, J. Selling Places: Enviromental Images for the Executive. Reg. Stud. 1982, 16, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duffy, R. Nature-based tourism and neoliberalism: Concealing contradictions. Tour. Geogr. 2015, 17, 529–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cànoves-i-Valiente, G.; Villarino-Pérez, M.; Herrera-Jiménez, L. Políticas públicas, turismo rural y sostenibilidad: Difícil equilibrio. Bol. Asoc. Geogr. Esp. 2006, 41, 199–217. [Google Scholar]
- MacCannell, D. The Tourist Papers; Routledge: London, UK, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Riechers, M.; Balázsi, A.; Betz, L.; Jiren, T.S.; Fischer, J. The erosion of relational values resulting from landscape simplification. Landsc. Ecol. 2020, 35, 2601–2612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eagles, P.F.J.; McCool, S.F.; Haynes, C.D. Turismo Sostenible En Áreas Protegidas. Directrices de Planificación y Gestión; UNWTO: Madrid, Spain, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Lane, B. Sustainable rural tourism strategies: A tool for development and conservation. J. Sustain. Tour. 1994, 2, 102–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, C.M. Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: From first- and second-order to third-order change? J. Sustain. Tour. 2011, 4–5, 649–671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, C.M.; Gössling, S.; Scott, D. The evolution of sustainable development and sustainable tourism. In The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability; Hall, C.M., Gössling, S., Scott, D., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2015; pp. 15–35. [Google Scholar]
- Saarinen, J. Is Being Responsible Sustainable in Tourism? Connections and Critical Differences. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UNEP. Making Tourism More Sustainable—A Guide for Policy Makers; United Nations Environment Programme UNEP: Paris, France, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Sharpley, R. Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? Earthscan: London, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, C.M. Changing paradigms and global change: From sustainable to steady-state tourism. Tour. Recreat. Res. 2010, 35, 131–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padin, C.A. Sustainable tourism planning model: Components and relationships. Eur. Bus. Rev. 2012, 24, 510–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torres-Delgado, A.; López-Palomeque, F. Measuring sustainable tourism at the municipal level. Ann. Touris. Res. 2014, 49, 122–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharpley, R. Tourism and sustainable development: Exploring the theoretical divide. J. Sustain. Tour. 2000, 8, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Renfors, S.M. Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Sustainable Tourism Development in a Cold-Water Destination: The Case of the Finnish Archipelago. Tour. Plan. Dev. 2020, 18, 510–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, C.M.; Gössling, S.; Scott, D. Tourism and sustainability. An introduction. In The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability; Hall, C.M., Gössling, S., Scott, D., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2015; pp. 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, C.M. Degrowing tourism: Décroissance, sustainable consumption and steady-state tourism. Anatolia 2009, 20, 46–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bianchi, R.V. The ‘critical turn’ in tourism studies: A radical critique. Tour. Geogr. 2009, 11, 484–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raco, M. Sustainable development, rolled-out neoliberalism and sustainable communities. Antipode 2005, 37, 324–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myers, G.; Macnaghten, P. Rhetorics of environmental sustainability: Commonplaces and places. Environ. Plan. A. 1998, 30, 333–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blackstock, K.L.; White, V.; McCrum, G.; Scott, A.; Hunter, C. Measuring responsibility: An appraisal of a Scottish national park’s sustainable tourism indicators. J. Sustain. Tour. 2008, 16, 276–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bianchi, R.V.; de-Man, F. Tourism, inclusive growth and decent work: A political economy critique. J. Sustain. Tour. 2021, 29, 353–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Font, X.; McCabe, S. Sustainability and marketing in tourism: Its contexts, paradoxes, approaches, challenges and potential. J. Sustain. Tour. 2017, 25, 869–883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hughes, G. Tourism, Sustainability and Social Theory. In A Companion to Tourism; Lew, A., Hall, C.M., Williams, A., Eds.; Blackwell: Oxford, UK, 2004; pp. 498–509. [Google Scholar]
- Caruana, R.; Glozer, S.; Crane, A.; McCabe, S. Tourists’ accounts of responsible tourism. Ann. Tour. Res. 2014, 46, 115–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saarinen, J. Critical sustainability: Setting the limits to growth and responsibility in tourism. Sustainability 2014, 6, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Poudel, S.; Nyaupane, G.P.; Budruk, M. Stakeholders’ perspectives of sustainable tourism development: A new approach to measuring outcomes. J. Travel Res. 2016, 55, 465–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gobattoni, F.; Pelorosso, R.; Leone, A.; Ripa, M.N. Sustainable rural development: The role of traditional activities in Central Italy. Land Use Pol. 2015, 48, 412–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adamowicz, J. Towards synergy between tourism and nature conservation. The challenge for the rural regions: The case of Drawskie Lake District, Poland. Europ. Countrys. 2010, 2, 118–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Belliggiano, A.; Cejudo-García, E.; Labianca, M.; Navarro-Valverde, F.; De-Rubertis, S. The “Eco-Effectiveness” of Agritourism Dynamics in Italy and Spain: A Tool for Evaluating Regional Sustainability. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, C.M. Tourism and biodiversity: More significant than climate change? J. Herit. Tour. 2010, 5, 253–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Helgadóttir, G.; Einarsdóttir, A.V.; Burns, G.L.; Gunnarsdóttir, G.Þ.; Matthíasdóttir, J.M.E. Social sustainability of tourism in Iceland: A qualitative inquiry. Scand. J. Hosp. Tour. 2019, 19, 404–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Twining-Ward, L.; Butler, R.W. Implementing STD on a Small Island: Development and Use of Sustainable Tourism Development Indicators in Samoa. J. Sustain. Tour. 2002, 10, 363–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Timur, S.; Getz, D. Sustainable tourism development: How do destination stakeholders perceive sustainable urban tourism? Sustain. Dev. 2009, 17, 220–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bosak, K. Tourism, development, and sustainability. In Reframing Sustainable Tourism; McCool, S.F., Bosak, K., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2016; pp. 33–44. [Google Scholar]
- Choi, H.C.; Sirakaya, E. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tour. Manage. 2006, 27, 1274–1289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marzo-Navarro, M.; Pedraja-Iglesias, M.; Vinzón, L. Sustainability indicators of rural tourism from the perspective of the residents. Tour Geogr. 2015, 17, 586–602. [Google Scholar]
- Blanco-Portillo, R. El turismo de naturaleza en España y su plan de impulso. Estud. Turísticos 2006, 169, 170. [Google Scholar]
- Šadeikaitė, G. Supporting Sustainable Tourism Development through Improved Measurement: A Case Study of European Tourism Destinations. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Cànoves-i-Valiente, G.; Herrera-Jiménez, L.; Villarino-Pérez, M. Turismo rural en España: Paisajes y usuarios, nuevos usos y nuevas visiones. Cuad. Tur. 2005, 15, 63–76. [Google Scholar]
- Ruhanen, L. Local government: Facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism development? J. Sustain. Tour. 2013, 21, 80–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trišić, I.; Štetić, S.; Privitera, D. The importance of nature-based tourism for sustainable development-A report from the selected biosphere reserve. J. Geogr. Inst. Jovan Cvijic 2021, 71, 203–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hardy, A. Using grounded theory to explore stakeholder perceptions of tourism. J. Tour. Cult. Chang. 2005, 3, 108–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beaumont, N.; Dredge, D. Local tourism governance: A comparison of three network approaches. J. Sustain. Tour. 2010, 18, 7–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brouder, P. Creative outposts: Tourism’s place in rural innovation. Tour. Plan. Dev. 2012, 9, 383–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Delgado, F.J.; Martínez-Puche, A.; Lois-González, R.C. Heritage, Tourism and Local Development in Peripheral Rural Spaces: Mértola (Baixo Alentejo, Portugal). Sustainability 2020, 12, 9157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saxena, G.; Ilbery, B. Developing integrated rural tourism: Actor practices in the English/Welsh border. J. Rural Stud. 2010, 26, 260–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butowski, L. Tourist sustainability of destination as a measure of its development. Curr. Issues Tour. 2017, 22, 1043–1061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paül-Carril, V.; Agrelo-Janza, L.M.; Trillo-Santamaría, J.M. Montañas de Trevinca: ¿undertourism en Galicia y overtourism en Sanabria? In Sostenibilidad Turística: Overtourism vs Undertourism; Pons, G.X., Blanco-Romero, A., Navalón-García, R., Troitiño-Torralba, L., Blázquez-Salom, M., Eds.; Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears: Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 2020; pp. 445–456. [Google Scholar]
- Dinis, I.; Simões, O.; Cruz, C.; Teodoro, A. Understanding the impact of intentions in the adoption of local development practices by rural tourism hosts in Portugal. J. Rural Stud. 2019, 72, 92–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Secor, A.J. Social surveys, interviews, and focus groups. In Research Methods in Geography. A Critical Introduction; Gomez, B., Jones, J.P., III, Eds.; Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford, UK, 2010; pp. 194–205. [Google Scholar]
- Cope, M. Coding Qualitative Data. In Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography; Hay, I., Ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2010; pp. 281–294. [Google Scholar]
- Ley 2/1989, de 18 de Julio, por la que se aprueba el Inventario de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía y se establecen medidas adicionales para su protección. Available online: https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1989-20636 (accessed on 27 September 2022).
- Parques Naturales. Available online: https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/portal/parques-naturales?categoryVal= (accessed on 23 September 2022).
- Cifras Oficiales de Población Resultantes de la Revisión del Padrón Municipal a 1 de Enero (2021). Available online: https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/es/index.htm?padre=517&capsel=525 (accessed on 23 September 2021).
- Márquez-Domínguez, J.A.; Jurado-Almonte, J.M.; Felicidades-García, J.; García-Delgado, F.J. Paisajes Agrarios Andaluces. In Conocer Andalucía; Cano-García, G., Ed.; Tartessos: Sevilla, Spain, 2001; Volume I, pp. 243–326. [Google Scholar]
- Silva-Pérez, R.; Ojeda-Rivera, J.F. La Sierra Morena sevillana, a la sombra de la urbe y el mercado. Ería 2001, 56, 255–276. [Google Scholar]
- Silva-Pérez, R.; Fernández-Salinas, V. Claves para el reconocimiento de la dehesa como “paisaje cultural” de Unesco. An. Geogr. Univ. Complut. 2015, 35, 121–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mulero-Mendigorri, A.; Silva Pérez, R. Paisajes de Sierra Morena: Una cuestión de miradas y de escalas. RER 2013, 96, 35–64. [Google Scholar]
- García-Delgado, F.J. Industrias Cárnicas, Territorio y Desarrollo en Sierra Morena. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Pizarro-Gómez, A.; Šadeikaitė, G.; García-Delgado, F.J. The World of Iberian Ham and its tourism potential. Europ. Countrys. 2020, 12, 333–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grupos de Desarrollo Rural. Available online: https://www.andaluciarural.org/grupos-de-desarrollo-rural/ (accessed on 23 September 2021).
- Mercado-Alonso, I.; Fernández-Tabales, A.; Bascarán-Estévez, M.V. Turismo rural y crecimiento inmobiliario en espacios de montaña media. El caso de la Sierra de Aracena. Polígonos 2012, 23, 181–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Domínguez-Gómez, J.A.; Lennartz, T. Turismo rural y expansión urbanística en áreas de interior. Análisis socioespacial de riesgos. Rev. Int. Sociol. 2015, 73, e006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fernández-Tabales, A.; Hernández-Martínez, E.; Marchena-Gómez, M.J.; Velasco-Martín, A. Estrategias turísticas en el Parque Natural Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche. In Patrimonio Histórico-Artístico de la Provincia de Huelva: Ponencias de las V Jornadas del Patrimonio de la Sierra de Huelva; Almonaster la Real; Nature Park: Andalusia, Spain, 1993; pp. 69–82. [Google Scholar]
- Registro de Turismo de Andalucía. Available online: https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/turismoydeporte/opencms/areas/temp/rta/buscador/index.html (accessed on 23 September 2022).
- Hall, C.M. Rethinking collaboration and partnership: A public policy perspective. J. Sustain. Tour. 1999, 7, 274–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laird, S.; Johnston, S.; Wynberg, R.; Lisinge, E.; Lohan, D. Biodiversity Access and Benefit–Sharing Policies for Protected Areas. An Introduction; United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU/IAS): Tokio, Japan, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Ley 42/2007, de 13 de Diciembre, del Patrimonio Natural y de la Biodiversidad. Available online: https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-21490 (accessed on 27 September 2022).
- West, P.; Igoe, J.; Brockington, D. Parks and people: The social impact of protected areas. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2006, 35, 251–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- García-Llorente, M.; Martín-López, B.; Iniesta-Arandia, I.; López-Santiago, C.A.; Aguilera, P.A.; Montes, C. The role of multi-functionality in social preferences toward semi-arid rural landscapes: An ecosystem service approach. Environ. Sci. Policy. 2012, 19, 136–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Araque-Jiménez, E.; Moya-García, E. La política de conservación de la naturaleza y desarrollo socioeconómico en las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas (Jaén). Ería 2008, 75, 129–142. [Google Scholar]
- Beilin, R.; Lindborg, R.; Stenseke, M.; Pereira, H.M.; Llausàs, A.; Slätmo, E.; Cerqueira, Y.; Navarro, L.; Rodrigues, P.; Reichelt, N.; et al. Analysing how drivers of agricultural land abandonment affect biodiversity and cultural landscapes using case studies from Scandinavia, Iberia and Oceania. Land Use Pol. 2014, 36, 60–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harvey, D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Kensbock, S.; Jennings, G. Pursuing: A grounded theory of tourism entrepreneurs’ understanding and praxis of sustainable tourism. Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res. 2011, 16, 489–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iannuzzi, G.; Santos, R.; Mourato, J.M. The involvement of non-state actors in the creation and management of protected areas: Insights from the Portuguese case. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2020, 63, 1674–1694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Godfrey, K.B. Attitudes towards ‘sustainable tourism’in the UK: A view from local government. Tour. Manage. 1998, 19, 213–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pulido-Fernández, J.I. Gestión turística activa y desarrollo económico en los parques naturales andaluces. Una propuesta de revisión desde el análisis del posicionamiento de sus actuales gestores. RER 2008, 81, 171–203. [Google Scholar]
- Jamaliah, M.M.; Powell, R.B. Ecotourism resilience to climate change in Dana Biosphere Reserve, Jordan. J. Sustain. Tour. 2018, 26, 519–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gómez-Martín, M.B.; Armesto-López, X.A.; Cors-Iglesias, M. Percepción del cambio climático y respuestas locales de adaptación: El caso del turismo rural. Cuad. Tur. 2017, 39, 287–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jeuring, J.H.G.; Haartsen, T. The challenge of proximity: The (un)attractiveness of nearhome tourism destinations. Tour. Geogr. 2017, 19, 118–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Múgica-de-la-Guerra, M.; Puertas-Blázquez, J. Los registros de patrimonio inmaterial, una herramienta para la conservación de las reservas de la biosfera. PH Boletín Del Inst. Andal. Del Patrim. Histórico 2018, 26, 22–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buta, N.; Holland, S.M.; Kaplanidou, K. Local communities and protected areas: The mediating role of place attachment for pro-environmental civic engagement. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 2014, 5, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perkins, H.E. Measuring love and care for nature. J. Environ. Psychol. 2010, 30, 455–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Høyem, J. Outdoor recreation and environmentally responsible behavior. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 2020, 31, 100317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romagosa, F. The COVID-19 crisis: Opportunities for sustainable and proximity tourism. Tour. Geogr. 2020, 22, 690–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borrello, M.; Pascucci, S.; Cembalo, L. Three Propositions to Unify Circular Economy Research: A Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Courtney, P.; Hill, G.; Roberts, D. The role of natural heritage in rural development: An analysis of economic linkages in Scotland. J. Rural Stud. 2006, 22, 469–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butler, R.W. The concept of carrying capacity for tourism destinations: Dead or merely buried? Progr. Tour. Hosp. Res. 1996, 2, 283–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Middleton, V.; Hawkins, R. Sustainable Tourism, A Marketing Perspective; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Naldi, L.; Nilsson, P.; Westlund, H.; Wixe, S. What is smart rural development? J. Rural Stud. 2015, 40, 90–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tracey, P.; Clark, G. Alliances, networks and competitive strategy: Rethinking clusters of innovation. Growth Change 2003, 34, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonadonna, A.; Rostagno, A.; Beltramo, R. Improving the landscape and tourism in marginal areas: The case of land consolidation associations in the North-West of Italy. Land 2020, 9, 175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pato, L. Entrepreneurship and innovation towards rural development evidence from a peripheral area in Portugal. Europ. Countrys. 2020, 12, 209–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ştefănică, M.; Butnaru, G.I. Approaches of durable development of tourism. Rev. Tur.-Stud. Si Cercet. Tur. 2013, 15, 41–47. [Google Scholar]
- Romão, J. Nature, Tourism, Growth, Resilience and Sustainable Development. In Mediterranean Protected Areas in the Era of Overtourism; Mandić, A., Petrić, L., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp. 297–310. [Google Scholar]
- NCM. Monitoring the Sustainability of Tourism in the Nordics; Nordic Council of Ministers: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Young, R. Sustainability: From rhetoric to reality through markets. J. Clean Prod. 2006, 14, 1443–1447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonçalves, C.; Honrado, J.P.; Cerejeira, J.; Sousa, R.; Fernandes, P.M.; Vaz, A.S.; Alves, M.; Araújo, M.; Carvalho-Santos, C.; Fonseca, A.; et al. On the development of a regional climate change adaptation plan: Integrating model-assisted projections and stakeholders’ perceptions. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 805, 150320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Navarro-Jurado, E.; Ortega-Palomo, G.; Torres-Bernier, E. Propuestas de reflexión desde el turismo frente al COVID-19. In Incertidumbre, Impacto y Recuperacion; Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Inteligencia e Innovación Turística de la Universidad de Málaga: Málaga, Spain, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Richards, G.; Hall, D. The community: A sustainable concept in tourism development? In Tourism and Sustainable Community Development, 2nd ed.; Richards, G., Hall, D., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2000; pp. 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- Patala, S.; Korpivaara, I.; Jalkala, A.; Kuitunen, A.; Soppe, B. Legitimacy under institutional change: How incumbents appropriate clean rhetoric for dirty technologies. Organ. Stud. 2019, 40, 395–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, A.; Robbins, D.; Dickinson, J.E. Defining sustainable transport in rural tourism: Experiences from the New Forest. J. Sustain. Tour. 2019, 27, 258–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández-Tabales, A.; Santos-Pavón, E.L. Turismo y parques naturales en Andalucía tras veinte años desde su declaración. Análisis estadístico, tipología de parques y problemática de la situación actual. An. Geogr. Univ. Complut. 2010, 30, 29–54. [Google Scholar]
- Hjalager, A.M. Agricultural diversification into tourism: Evidence of a European Community development programme. Tour. Manage. 1996, 17, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eagles, P.F.J. Governance models for parks, recreation and tourism. In Transforming Parks: Protected area Policy and Management in a Changing World; Hanna, K.S., Clark, D.A., Slocombe, D.S., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2008; pp. 39–61. [Google Scholar]
- Stoll-Kleemann, S. Barriers to nature conservation in Germany: A model explaining opposition to protected areas. J. Environ. Psychol. 2001, 21, 369–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maríková, P.; Herová, I. Area protection in views of its residents. Europ. Countrys. 2010, 2, 201–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mulero-Mendigorri, A. Fronteras y territorios: La gestión de las áreas protegidas en cuestión. Cuad. Gec. 2018, 57, 61–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esparcia-Pérez, J.; Noguera-Tur, J.; Pitarch-Garrido, M.D. LEADER en España: Desarrollo rural, poder, legitimación, aprendizaje y nuevas estructuras. D.A.G. 2000, 37, 95–113. [Google Scholar]
- Navarro-Valverde, F.A.; Woods, M.; Cejudo-García, E. The LEADER initiative has been a victim of its own success. The decline of the bottom-up approach in rural development programmes. The cases of Wales and Andalusia. Sociol. Rural. 2016, 56, 270–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaiser, J.; Haase, D.; Krueger, T. Payments for ecosystem services: A review of definitions, the role of spatial scales, and critique. Ecoc. Sol. 2021, 26, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cárdenas-Alonso, G.; Nieto-Masot, A. Towards rural sustainable development? Contributions of the EAFRD 2007–2013 in low demographic density territories: The case of Extremadura (SW Spain). Sustainability 2017, 9, 1173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Panyik, E. Rural Tourism Governance: Determinants of Policymakers’ Support for Tourism Development. Tour. Plan. Dev. 2015, 12, 48–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molden, O.; Abrams, J.; Davis, E.J.; Moseley, C. Beyond localism: The micropolitics of local legitimacy in a community-based organization. J. Rural Stud. 2017, 50, 60–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Medina, L.K. Ecotourism and certification: Confronting the principles and pragmatics of socially responsible tourism. J. Sustain. Tour. 2005, 13, 281–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romagosa, F.; Miró, A.; Buchaca, T.; Ventura, M. Residents’ Versus Visitors’ Knowledge and Valuation of Aquatic Mountain Ecosystems in the Catalan Pyrenees. Mt. Res. Dev. 2020, 40, R1–R10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ray, C. Neo-Endogenous Rural Development in the EU. In The Handbook of Rural Studies; Cloke, P., Marsden, T., Mooney, P., Eds.; SAGE: London, UK, 2006; pp. 278–291. [Google Scholar]
- McAreavey, R.; McDonagh, J. Sustainable rural tourism: Lessons for rural development. Sociol. Rural. 2011, 51, 175–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bramwell, B.; Sharman, A. Collaboration in local tourism policymaking. Ann. Touris. Res. 1999, 26, 392–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lordkipanidze, M.; Brezet, H.; Backman, M. The entrepreneurship factor in sustainable tourism development. J. Clean Prod. 2005, 13, 787–798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Code | Question | Topics |
---|---|---|
(q1) | What function do the nature park and biosphere reserve have in your destination (and others)? | (2,3) |
(q2) | What is the value of the landscape in tourism? | (1) (2) (3) |
(q3) (a) | How do you perceive sustainable tourism development in your destination? | (1) |
(q4) (b) | Does sustainability have a substantial effect on the tourism development of your destination? Why? | (1) |
(q5) (a) | What kind of conflicts related to sustainability is created between stakeholders? | (1) (2) (3) |
(q6) (a,c) | Could you give a practical example of sustainable tourism development in your destination? What would you improve? | (1) (3) |
(q7) (c) | What happens in the context of global change with your destination? | (1) (3) |
(q8) | Are there difficulties in managing the tourist space? | (1) (2) (3) |
(q9) (b) | Does tourism contribute to local development? | (1) (3) |
(q10) | What consequences has COVID-19 had on the destination? | (1) (3) |
NtP | Municipality 1 | Interview | Position/Type | Genre | Age Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche | Aracena | (Int01) | NtP director | M | 50–59 |
Aracena | (Int02) | LAG manager | F | 50–59 | |
Cañaveral de León | (Int03) | Mayor | F | 40–49 | |
Cumbres Mayores | (Int04) | F | 30–39 | ||
Almonaster la Real | (Int05) | Councilor | F | 30–39 | |
Cortegana | (Int06) | F | 40–49 | ||
Aracena | (Int07) | Municipal technician | F | 50–59 | |
Aroche | (Int08) | F | 40–49 | ||
Arroyomolinos de León | (Int09) | Tourism company | M | 40–49 | |
Jabugo | (Int10) | M | 50–59 | ||
Alájar | (Int11) | F | 50–59 | ||
Cortegana | (Int12) | F | 30–39 | ||
Los Marines | (Int13) | F | 50–59 | ||
Aracena | (Int14) | Business associations | F | 50–59 | |
Santa Olalla del Cala | (Int15) | Foundation manager | M | 20–29 | |
Sierra Norte de Sevilla | (Sevilla) | (Int16) | NtP director | M | 40–49 |
Cazalla de la Sierra | (Int17) | LAG manager | M | 30–39 | |
Alanís | (Int18) | Mayor | F | 40–49 | |
Cazalla de la Sierra | (Int19) | M | 50–59 | ||
Real de la Jara | (Int20) | Councilor | F | 30–39 | |
San Nicolás del Puerto | (Int21) | M | 50–59 | ||
Las Navas de la Concepción | (Int22) | Municipal technician | F | 20–29 | |
Cazalla de la Sierra | (Int23) | Tourism company | M | 50–59 | |
Cazalla de la Sierra | (Int24) | M | 40–49 | ||
Constantina | (Int25) | F | 40–49 | ||
El Pedroso | (Int26) | M | 20–29 | ||
San Nicolás del Puerto | (Int27) | F | 30–39 | ||
Puebla de los Infantes | (Int28) | Business associations | M | 50–59 | |
Sierra de Hornachuelos | (Córdoba)(a) | (Int29) | NtP director | M | 50–59 |
(Obejo)(a) | (Int30) | LAG managers | M | 50–59 | |
Posadas | (Int31) | M | 50–59 | ||
Villaviciosa de Córdoba | (Int32) | Councilor | M | >60 | |
Hornachuelos | (Int33) | Municipal technician | M | 40–49 | |
Almodóvar del Río | (Int34) | Tourism company | F | 30–39 | |
Hornachuelos | (Int35) | M | 50–59 | ||
Hornachuelos | (Int36) | F | 30–39 | ||
Hornachuelos | (Int37) | F | 40–49 | ||
Posadas | (Int38) | F | 30–39 | ||
Posadas | (Int39) | M | 50–59 | ||
Hornachuelos | (Int40) | Business associations | M | 40–49 |
Type of Relation | Interviewees | Description of the Relations | Indicated Cause (Verbalized) | Institutions and Organisations Involved 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | (Int22) (Int40) (Int19) (Int21) (Int08) (Int07) | Tourism cooperation and complementarity between municipalities | Formation of formal and informal networks | 3 |
(Int15) | Cooperation with external tourism companies | Control of tourist flows (bundling) | 5, 7 | |
(Int30) (Int31) (Int02) (Int17) | Cooperation between the LAGs and with other stakeholders internal and external to the NtPs | Existence of a network and application of the LEADER approach; outward projection | 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11 | |
(Int33) (Int07) (Int36) (Int26) (Int11) | Cooperation of municipalities and tourism and hospitality companies | Information; technical support; nearest administration | 3, 4, 6 | |
(Int30) | Cooperation in development strategies with NtPs | Shared actors (NtP governing board) | 1, 2 | |
(Int12) | Cooperation between similar or complementary companies | The joint vision of destination and trust | 4 | |
(Int01) (Int16) | Vertical (JA-TD-NtP-SM) and horizontal (NtP-PC) coordination | Regulatory framework and organisational structure NtP; participation of the municipalities in the NtP Governing Board | 1, 2, 12, 13, 14 | |
(Int01) (Int15) | Collaboration in nature conservation | Same conservation goals between institutions | 1, 7 | |
Negative | (Int02) (Int22) (Int03) (Int21) (Int20) (Int05) (Int28) | Competition and lack of subsidiarity between municipalities; generation of “micro-destinations”; lack of coordination between attractions; scarcity of tourist activities in municipalities | The rivalry between municipalities; different levels of development; lack of communication; the existence of municipal lobbyists; political decision-making without counting on and considering the tourism sector | 2, 3, 4, 6 |
(Int36) (Int39) (Int37) (Int26) (Int09) (Int24) | Conflicts of use between tourism and private property | The predominance of private property; lack of entrepreneurship; incompatibility of uses; usurpation of public space | 1, 4, 8, 9 | |
(Int29) (Int01) (Int02) (Int17) (Int32) (Int19) (Int39) (Int27) (Int24) (Int28) (Int15) | Disagreements between municipalities, NtP and JA; management conflicts; a desire to exit NtP | Restrictive regulatory framework; different speeches, politicisation; lack of communication; lack of control of activities; technical ineffectiveness; public oversight of SIEs | 1, 3, 8, 14 | |
(Int39) (Int37) (Int35) | Unfair municipal competition to tourism companies | Creation of SIEs with public money and private management | 3, 4 | |
(Int39) (Int35) (Int10) (Int24) | Competition between tourism companies | Duality of local–foreign companies, main–secondary activities; lack of business culture; non-business activities; lack of originality | 4, 5 | |
(Int01) (Int30) (Int31) (Int02) (Int17) (Int20) | The difficulty for interterritorial cooperation; lack of a DSMBR planning instrument | 3 NtPs, 3 provinces, 4 LAGs, 43 municipalities, different administrations and discourses; lack of coordination; the existence of municipal lobbyist | 1, 3, 13, 14 | |
(Int13) (Int24) (Int28) (Int14) | Non-existence of a coordinating body for tourist activity in the NtP; absence of a destination; lack of a tourism strategy (brand, destination...) | Lack of agreement between the parties and stakeholder involvement; the rivalry between municipalities; politicisation; lack of goals; lack of coordination in the regional administration | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bahamonde-Rodríguez, M.; García-Delgado, F.J.; Šadeikaitė, G. Sustainability and Tourist Activities in Protected Natural Areas: The Case of Three Natural Parks of Andalusia (Spain). Land 2022, 11, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112015
Bahamonde-Rodríguez M, García-Delgado FJ, Šadeikaitė G. Sustainability and Tourist Activities in Protected Natural Areas: The Case of Three Natural Parks of Andalusia (Spain). Land. 2022; 11(11):2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112015
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahamonde-Rodríguez, María, Francisco Javier García-Delgado, and Giedrė Šadeikaitė. 2022. "Sustainability and Tourist Activities in Protected Natural Areas: The Case of Three Natural Parks of Andalusia (Spain)" Land 11, no. 11: 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112015