A Spatial Equilibrium Evaluation of Primary Education Services Based on Living Circle Models: A Case Study within the City of Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China
Abstract
:Highlights
- A new method is proposed to quantitatively assess the equilibrium between primary education facilities and primary students from the perspective of the living circle. The spatial equilibrium of primary education services across Zhangjiakou City was evaluated based on four living circle scenarios.
- We establish a site selection path to optimize the spatial equilibrium of primary education based on the living circle.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Materials
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Processing
3. Methods
3.1. The Spatial Distribution of Primary Students
3.2. Living Circle Unit Construction
3.3. Equilibrium Evaluation Model
4. Results
4.1. The Spatial Distribution of Primary Students
4.2. Primary Student Statistics for Different Living Circles
4.3. Spatial Equilibrium Distribution Characteristics for Primary Education Services
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First-Tier Variable | Second-Tier Variable | Method |
---|---|---|
DMSP/OLS | -- | Normalized to 0~1 based on the formula , where F(x) is the normalized value, x is the original data, xmin is the minimum value of x, and xmax is the maximum value of x. |
Living support services | Supermarket accessibility Farmers market accessibility Bus stop accessibility Catering services | The accessibility of each service was first calculated based on POI data and the Euclidean Distance Analysis tool in ArcGIS 10.4.1 (created by ESRI company, in RedLands, California, USA). Second, accessibility distance was divided into 11 levels: up to 200 m, between 200 m and 400 m, between 400 m and 600 m, between 600 m and 800 m, and greater than 2000 m. The contribution value for different levels was assigned via the expert scoring method on the scale 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7... 0. |
Health guarantee services | General hospital accessibility Special hospital accessibility Clinic accessibility | |
Employment services | Company accessibility Factory accessibility | |
Construction land | A contribution value for different areas was assigned using the expert scoring method. | |
Urban | 0.5 | |
Town | 0.3 | |
Rural | 0.1 |
Living Circle (Minutes) | Normal Walking Speed (m/s) | Regular Hexagon Radius (m) | Regular Hexagon Area (m2) |
---|---|---|---|
15 | 1.418 | 1276.2 | 4,231,327.371 |
20 | 1.418 | 1701.6 | 7,522,359.771 |
25 | 1.418 | 2127 | 11,753,687.14 |
30 | 1.418 | 2552.4 | 16,925,309.48 |
Level | 15 min | 20 min | 25 min | 30 min | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Ratio/% | Count | Ratio/% | Count | Ratio/% | Count | Ratio/% | |
(810, +∞] | 9 | 0.13 | 9 | 0.20 | 7 | 0.23 | 5 | 0.23 |
(540, 810] | 2 | 0.03 | 6 | 0.13 | 4 | 0.13 | 4 | 0.18 |
(270, 540] | 27 38 | 0.39 | 22 35 | 0.49 | 20 31 | 0.66 | 19 28 | 0.87 |
0 | 278 | 4.01 | 255 | 5.72 | 232 | 7.66 | 214 | 9.82 |
[−60,0) | 5878 | 84.77 | 3477 | 78.03 | 2152 | 71.05 | 1357 | 62.28 |
[−120, −60) | 399 | 5.75 | 346 | 7.76 | 284 | 9.38 | 280 | 12.85 |
[−270, −120) | 219 | 3.16 | 222 | 4.98 | 194 | 6.40 | 158 | 7.25 |
[−540, −270) | 75 | 1.08 | 77 | 1.73 | 85 | 2.81 | 91 | 4.18 |
[−810, −540) | 24 | 0.35 | 16 | 0.36 | 19 | 0.63 | 22 | 1.01 |
[−∞, −810) | 23 | 0.33 | 26 | 0.58 | 32 | 1.06 | 29 | 1.33 |
Total | 6934 | 100 | 4456 | 100 | 3029 | 100 | 2179 | 100 |
Containing primary schools | 15 min | 20 min | 25 min | 30 min | ||||
Count | Ratio/% | Count | Ratio/% | Count | Ratio/% | Count | Ratio/% | |
[−60, 0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[−120, −60) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[−270, −120) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
[−540, −270) | 11 | 0.16 | 17 | 0.38 | 13 | 0.43 | 19 | 0.87 |
[−810, −540) | 8 | 0.12 | 5 | 0.11 | 10 | 0.33 | 7 | 0.32 |
[−∞, −810) | 13 | 0.19 | 15 | 0.34 | 25 | 0.83 | 18 | 0.83 |
Lacking primary schools | 15 min | 20 min | 25 min | 30 min | ||||
Count | Ratio/% | Count | Ratio/% | Count | Ratio/% | Count | Ratio/% | |
[−60, 0) | 5878 | 84.77 | 3477 | 78.03 | 2152 | 71.05 | 1357 | 62.28 |
[−120, −60) | 399 | 5.75 | 346 | 7.76 | 284 | 9.38 | 280 | 12.85 |
[−270, −120) | 219 | 3.16 | 222 | 4.98 | 194 | 6.40 | 158 | 7.25 |
[−540, −270) | 64 | 0.92 | 60 | 1.35 | 72 | 2.38 | 72 | 3.30 |
[−810, −540) | 16 | 0.23 | 11 | 0.25 | 9 | 0.30 | 15 | 0.69 |
[−∞, −810) | 10 | 0.14 | 11 | 0.25 | 7 | 0.23 | 11 | 0.50 |
Planning Proposals | Equilibrium Index (Person) | Living Circle Counts | Legends | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 min | 20 min | 25 min | 30 min | |||
A complete primary school should be planned in the center of the living circle. | >810 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 11 | |
540–810 | 16 | 11 | 9 | 15 | ||
270–540 | 64 | 60 | 72 | 72 | ||
Subtotal | 90 | 82 | 88 | 98 | ||
An incomplete primary school should be planned in the center of the living circle. | 120–270 | 219 | 222 | 194 | 158 | |
A complete or incomplete primary school should be planned at the junction between two or three living circles. | 60–120 | 399 | 346 | 284 | 280 | |
Boarding with other living circles containing primary schools. | <60 | 5878 | 3477 | 2152 | 1357 | -- |
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Huang, A.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, L.; Liu, C.; Sun, P.; Liu, Q. A Spatial Equilibrium Evaluation of Primary Education Services Based on Living Circle Models: A Case Study within the City of Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China. Land 2022, 11, 1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111994
Huang A, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Lu L, Liu C, Sun P, Liu Q. A Spatial Equilibrium Evaluation of Primary Education Services Based on Living Circle Models: A Case Study within the City of Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China. Land. 2022; 11(11):1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111994
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, An, Yueqing Xu, Yibin Zhang, Longhui Lu, Chao Liu, Piling Sun, and Qingguo Liu. 2022. "A Spatial Equilibrium Evaluation of Primary Education Services Based on Living Circle Models: A Case Study within the City of Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China" Land 11, no. 11: 1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111994