Evaluation of Mehlich-3 as a Multi-Element Extractant of Micronutrients and Sulfur in a Soil–Ryegrass System Amended with Varying Biochar Rates from Two Feedstocks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biochar Preparation and Characterization
2.2. Potting Experiment
2.3. Soil Sampling and Analyses
2.4. Nutrient Analysis in Plants
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physiochemical Properties of Biochars and Soils
3.2. Normalized Range of Soil Extractable Nutrients
3.3. Impact of Biochar Addition on Extracted Soil Nutrients
3.4. The Relationship between M-3- and “Standard” Solution-Extractable Nutrients
3.5. Correlations between Soil Extractable Nutrients and Ryegrass Biomass
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | SGB | PLB |
---|---|---|
Ash (%) | 4.4 | 45.9 |
Moisture (%) | 1.7 | 3.9 |
TC (%) | 31.4 | 27.8 |
pH | 10.1 | 10.2 |
SSA (m2 g−1) | 22.9 | 9.28 |
EC (µS cm−1) | 240 | 9150 |
CEC a (cmol kg−1) | 309.6 | 235.9 |
Nutrients | ||
P (mg kg−1) | 1633 ± 153 | 38,700 ± 819 |
K (mg kg−1) | 3967 ± 404 | 78,033 ± 603 |
Ca (mg kg−1) | 7867 ± 961 | 54,167 ± 2409 |
Mg (mg kg−1) | 3367 ± 321 | 15,967 ± 115 |
S (mg kg−1) | 367 ± 115 | 13,500 ± 608 |
Zn (mg kg−1) | 54 ± 6 | 1477 ± 43 |
Fe (mg kg−1) | 111 ± 20 | 6903 ± 1295 |
Cu (mg kg−1) | 23 ± 3 | 253 ± 4 |
Mn (mg kg−1) | 144 ± 11 | 1108 ± 2 |
B (mg kg−1) | <1.0 b | 103 ± 2 |
DTPA | MCP | M-3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 6.8 (5.7–7.6) | - | - | - |
OC (%) | 3.0 (2.0–5.5) | - | - | - |
P (mg kg−1) | - | - | - | 143 (17–723) |
K (mg kg−1) | - | - | - | 268 (38.5–1483) |
Ca (mg kg−1) | - | - | - | 2216 (1648–2717) |
Mg (mg kg−1) | - | - | - | 238 (123–529) |
S (mg kg−1) | - | - | 212 (14.3–529) | 298 (26.2–665) |
Zn (mg kg−1) | - | 151 (93–208) | - | 318 (244–369) |
Fe (mg kg−1) | - | 25 (16.2–37.7) | - | 133 (111–146) |
Cu (mg kg−1) | - | 1.8 (1.3–2.9) | - | 2.8 (1.8–4.6) |
Mn (mg kg−1) | - | 20 (11–34) | - | 50 (40.9–66.5) |
B (mg kg−1) | - | 0.3 (0.07–1.1) | - | 12.3 (11.7–14.1) |
Effect (Pr ˃ F) | Zn | Fe | Cu | Mn | B | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DTPA--- | MCP--- | |||||
Biochar | *** | * | 0.15 NS | 0.79 NS | *** | *** |
Rate | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Biochar × rate | 0.06 NS | * | ** | ** | *** | *** |
M-3--- | ||||||
Biochar | 0.12 NS | 0.15 NS | 0.55 NS | *** | *** | *** |
Rate | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** |
Biochar × rate | 0.27 NS | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** |
Nutrient | n | Extractant | Intercept | Slope | R2 | RMSE | NRMSE | d-index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GB | ||||||||
Zn | 15 | DTPA vs. M-3 | 162 ± 22 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.80 *** | 19.8 | 0.06 | 0.31 |
Fe | DTPA vs. M-3 | 153 ± 5 | −0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.56 ** | 3.67 | 0.03 | 0.07 | |
Cu | DTPA vs. M-3 | −0.43 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 0.68 *** | 0.53 | 0.20 | 0.54 | |
Mn | DTPA vs. M-3 | 34 ± 2 | 0.62 ± 0.1 | 0.74 *** | 2.64 | 0.06 | 0.32 | |
B | DTPA vs. M-3 | 11.9 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.01 NS | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
S | MCP vs. M-3 | 23 ± 12 | 1.24 ± 0.05 | 0.98 *** | 33.5 | 0.16 | 0.96 | |
PLB | ||||||||
Zn | 15 | DTPA vs. M-3 | 212 ± 45 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.35 * | 28.8 | 0.09 | 0.23 |
Fe | DTPA vs. M-3 | 103 ± 10 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.40 * | 8.82 | 0.07 | 0.10 | |
Cu | DTPA vs. M-3 | −0.7 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 0.87 *** | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.55 | |
Mn | DTPA vs. M-3 | 54 ± 7 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.00 NS | 6.08 | 0.12 | 0.20 | |
B | DTPA vs. M-3 | 11.5 ± 0.05 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 0.98 *** | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.04 | |
S | MCP vs. M-3 | 166 ± 41 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | 0.81 *** | 56.5 | 0.13 | 0.77 | |
SGB + PLB | ||||||||
Zn | 27 | DTPA vs. M-3 | 185 ± 23 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.58 *** | 25.8 | 0.08 | 0.28 |
Fe | DTPA vs. M-3 | 121 ± 8 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.09 NS | 8.59 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |
Cu | DTPA vs. M-3 | −0.5 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 0.73 *** | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.53 | |
Mn | DTPA vs. M-3 | 41 ± 5 | 0.44 ± 0.21 | 0.15 * | 5.9 | 0.12 | 0.22 | |
B | DTPA vs. M-3 | 12 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 0.97 *** | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.04 | |
S | MCP vs. M-3 | 50.1 ± 18.2 | 1.17 ± 0.07 | 0.92 *** | 57.2 | 0.19 | 0.92 |
Biochar | Shoots | Roots | Shoots + Roots |
---|---|---|---|
Zn | |||
SGB | 0.61 * | 0.59 * | 0.65 * |
PLB | 0.44 NS | 0.27 NS | 0.37 NS |
SGB + PLB | 0.42 * | 0.36 NS | 0.45 * |
Fe | |||
SGB | −0.51 NS | −0.50 NS | −0.43 NS |
PLB | −0.17 NS | 0.50 NS | 0.50 NS |
SGB + PLB | −0.19 NS | 0.33 NS | 0.37 NS |
Cu | |||
SGB | −0.33 NS | −0.34 NS | −0.24 NS |
PLB | −0.47 NS | −0.40 NS | −0.35 NS |
SGB + PLB | −0.30 NS | −0.29 NS | −0.22 NS |
Mn | |||
SGB | −0.16 NS | 0.42 NS | 0.32 NS |
PLB | 0.54 * | 0.37 NS | 0.47 NS |
SGB + PLB | 0.56 * | 0.57 ** | 0.60 ** |
B | |||
SGB | −0.49 NS | −0.11 NS | −0.31 NS |
PLB | 0.03 NS | 0.89 *** | 0.90 *** |
SGB + PLB | 0.44 * | 0.76 *** | 0.82 *** |
S | |||
SGB | 0.94 *** | 0.92 *** | 0.95 *** |
PLB | 0.69 ** | 0.10 NS | 0.61 * |
SGB + PLB | 0.57 ** | 0.73 *** | 0.67 *** |
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Antonangelo, J.A.; Souza, J.L.B.; Whitaker, A.; Arnall, B.; Zhang, H. Evaluation of Mehlich-3 as a Multi-Element Extractant of Micronutrients and Sulfur in a Soil–Ryegrass System Amended with Varying Biochar Rates from Two Feedstocks. Land 2022, 11, 1979. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111979
Antonangelo JA, Souza JLB, Whitaker A, Arnall B, Zhang H. Evaluation of Mehlich-3 as a Multi-Element Extractant of Micronutrients and Sulfur in a Soil–Ryegrass System Amended with Varying Biochar Rates from Two Feedstocks. Land. 2022; 11(11):1979. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111979
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonangelo, Joao Arthur, Joao Luis Bigatao Souza, Andrew Whitaker, Brian Arnall, and Hailin Zhang. 2022. "Evaluation of Mehlich-3 as a Multi-Element Extractant of Micronutrients and Sulfur in a Soil–Ryegrass System Amended with Varying Biochar Rates from Two Feedstocks" Land 11, no. 11: 1979. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11111979