Timber Losses during Harvesting in Managed Shorea robusta Forests of Nepal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Studied Species
2.2. Study Area
2.3. Data Collection
2.3.1. Measurements at Felling Sites
2.3.2. Measurements at Sawmills
2.3.3. Questionnaire Survey
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Comparison: Estimated Standing Volume, Felled Volume, and Log Volume
2.4.2. Quantification of Losses in Different Stages of Harvesting
3. Results
3.1. Growth Parameters and Estimated Volume
3.2. Difference between Standing Tree Volume, Felled Tree Volume, and Log Volume
3.3. Difference between Felled Log Volume and Utilized Timber Volume
3.4. Timber Loss Reduction Strategies
3.4.1. Causes of Timber Loss
3.4.2. Timber Losses Reduction Strategies
4. Discussion
4.1. Differences on Standing Tree Volume, Felled Tree Volume, and Log Volume
4.2. Differences on Felled Log Volume and Outturn Volume
4.3. Timber Loss Reduction Strategies
5. Final Remarks and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S.N. | Estimates | Model Used | Description of Notations |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Standing and felled tree volume | Ln(V) = a + bLn (d) + cLn (h) Where a = −2.4554, b = 1.9026, and c = 0.8352 (Sharma and Pukkala, 1990) [33] | Ln = natural log base; V = volume in m3; d = diameter at breast height in cm; h = total tree height in m; a, b, and c are coefficients of species. Note: values were divided by 1000 to convert them to m3 |
2. | Stump volume | Vs =𝜋d2× h/4 | Vs = stump volume in m3, d = mid-height diameter of the stump in m, and h = stump height in m |
3. | Stem rot and sawn planks volume | V = l × b × h | V = volume in m3, l = length in m, b = breadth in m, and h = height in m |
4. | Log volume | V = (S1+ 4 Sm +S2) × L/6(Newton’s formula) | V = log volume in m3, S1 = upper-end basal area in m2, Sm = middle basal area in m2, S2 = lower-end basal area in m2, L = length of the log in m, and basal area (S) = πd2/4 in m2 |
Type | No. | DBH/dm (cm) * | Height/Length (m) ** | Total Estimated Volume (m3) *** | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Min | Max | S.D. (σ) | S.E. | Mean | Min | Max | S.D. (σ) | S.E. | |||
Tree | 51 | 72.9 | 47 | 96 | 12.29 | 1.72 | 30.78 | 15.20 | 48.90 | 5.84 | 0.82 | 299.11 |
Log | 167 | 57 | 32 | 79 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 1.99 | 1.52 | 2.74 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 89.98 |
Estimated Standing Tree Volume (m3) | Actual Felled Tree Volume (m3) | Bucked Logs Volume (m3) | Bucked Logs Volume after Deducting Stem Rot (m3) | Timber Loss (%) | Timber Loss after Deducting Stem Rot (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | (e) = ((b − c)/b) × 100 | (f) = ((b − d)/b) × 100 |
299.1 | 277.11 | 217.29 | 212.3 | 21.59 | 23.38 |
Total Log Volume (m3) | Log Volume after Deducting Stem Rot (m3) | Final Outturn Volume (m3) | Stem Rot Volume (m3) | Timber Loss (%) | Timber Loss after Deducting Stem Rot (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (c) | d = (a − b) | e = (a − c)/a) × 100 | f = (b − c)/b) × 100? |
89.98 | 88.59 | 62.26 | 1.39 | 30.81 | 29.72 |
Study Area | Loss Rate | Authors |
---|---|---|
Nepal | 19.8% (left over) | [34] |
Nepal | 27% | [35] |
Gabon | 25% | [36] |
Ghana | 30% | [37] |
Latin America | 44% | Dykstra and Heinrich [34] * |
Africa | 46% | Dykstra and Heinrich [34] * |
Sarawak Malaysia | 46% | Noack [34] * |
Australia | 47.20% | [34] |
Asia | 50% (1:1 ratio) | [8] |
Tropical region (avg.) | 50% | Dykstra and Heinrich [34] * |
Asia–Pacific | 54% | Dykstra and Heinrich [34] * |
The Philippines | 60% | [38] |
Brazilian Amazon | 66% (1:2 ratio) | [39] |
Terai Shorea robusta forest, Nepal | 21.59% | This study |
23.58% (after deducting stem rot) |
Study Area | Loss Rate | References |
---|---|---|
Indonesia | 20–30% | [3] |
Nepal | 39% | [34] |
China | 40% | Chen [40,41] * |
Nigeria | 43.92% | [42] |
Malaysia | 45% | Poyry [40,41] * |
Indonesia | 46% | Gintings and Roliadi [40,41] * |
Malaysia | 48% | Rayn [40,41] * |
Many developing countries | 49.20 (40–58)% | [41] |
Asia–Pacific | 50% | Dykstra and Heinrich [40,41] * |
Southeast Asia | 50% | IUFRO [40,41] * |
Papua New Guinea | 50% | FAO [40,41]* |
Malaysia | 50–58% | [7] |
Terai Shorea robusta forest, Nepal | 30.81% | This study |
29.72% (after deducting stem rot) |
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Aryal, U.; Neupane, P.R.; Rijal, B.; Manthey, M. Timber Losses during Harvesting in Managed Shorea robusta Forests of Nepal. Land 2022, 11, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010067
Aryal U, Neupane PR, Rijal B, Manthey M. Timber Losses during Harvesting in Managed Shorea robusta Forests of Nepal. Land. 2022; 11(1):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010067
Chicago/Turabian StyleAryal, Upendra, Prem Raj Neupane, Bhawana Rijal, and Michael Manthey. 2022. "Timber Losses during Harvesting in Managed Shorea robusta Forests of Nepal" Land 11, no. 1: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010067
APA StyleAryal, U., Neupane, P. R., Rijal, B., & Manthey, M. (2022). Timber Losses during Harvesting in Managed Shorea robusta Forests of Nepal. Land, 11(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010067