Recognition Changes of the Concept of Urban Resilience: Moderating Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Urban Sustainability and Resilience
3. Methods
3.1. Latent Class Analysis (LCA)
3.2. Participant
3.3. Variables
3.4. Research Models and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Before the Beginning of COVID-19 Pandemic
4.2. After the Beginning of COVID-19 Pandemic
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Before the Beginning of COVID-19 | After the Beginning of COVID-19 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sortation | Frequency (Number) | Percentage (%) | Frequency (Number) | Percentage (%) | |
Gender | Male | 300 | 58.7 | 384 | 66.3 |
Female | 211 | 41.3 | 177 | 33.7 | |
Age | ~19 | 19 | 3.7 | 50 | 9.5 |
20~24 | 459 | 89.8 | 467 | 89.0 | |
25~29 | 30 | 5.8 | 50 | 9.5 | |
Over 30 | 3 | 0.6 | 4 | 0.8 | |
Grade | 1 (Freshman) | 168 | 32.9 | 123 | 23.4 |
2 (Sophomore) | 115 | 22.5 | 128 | 24.4 | |
3 (Junior) | 121 | 23.7 | 176 | 33.5 | |
4 (Senior) | 107 | 21 | 98 | 18.7 | |
Learning about Resilience Terminology | Exist | 197 | 38.6 | 424 | 80.8 |
None | 314 | 61.4 | 95 | 19.1 | |
Route to Learning Resilience Terminology | Middle and High School Class | 14 | 7.1 | 17 | 4.0 |
University lecture | 95 | 48.2 | 323 | 76.1 | |
Media (newspapers and broadcasting) | 30 | 15.2 | 22 | 5.2 | |
Internet | 41 | 21.3 | 31 | 7.1 | |
Books | 7 | 3.6 | 20 | 4.7 | |
Etc. | 10 | 5.1 | 11 | ||
Experience of EUR | Exist | 151 | 29.5 | 350 | 66.7 |
None | 360 | 70.5 | 175 | 33.3 |
Variables | Measurement Variables | |
---|---|---|
Redundancy | A variety of infrastructure and resource networks for functional execution | Urban resilience is related to capacity for technical substitutions and “workarounds”. |
Urban resilience is related to ability to substitute and conserve needed inputs. | ||
Urban resilience is related to availability of housing options for disaster victims. | ||
Urban resilience is related to alternate sites for managing disaster operations. | ||
Robustness | Strength and buffering of the external impact | Urban resilience is related to building codes and construction procedures for new and retrofitted structures. |
Urban resilience is related to extent of regional economic diversification. | ||
Urban resilience is related to social vulnerability and degree of community preparedness. | ||
Urban resilience is related to emergency operations planning and private–public cooperation. | ||
Resourcefulness | Ability to mobilize resources and efficient management | Urban resilience is related to availability of equipment and materials for restoration and repair. |
Urban resilience is related to business and industry capacity to improvise and to converge with knowledge-based industries. | ||
Urban resilience is related to capacity to address human needs and social trust relationship. | ||
Urban resilience is related to capacity to improvise, innovate, and expand operations. | ||
Rapidity | Ability to recover in quick time | Urban resilience is related to system downtime, restoration time. |
Urban resilience is related to time to regain capacity, lost revenue. | ||
Urban resilience is related to time to restore lifeline services. | ||
Urban resilience is related to time between impact and early recovery. |
Variables | Measurement Variables | |
---|---|---|
Grade (Variable number of grades, Y1, Y2, Y3 set) | Freshman (1st grade) | 1: Y1 = 0, Y2 = 0, Y3 = 0 |
Sophomore (2nd grade) | 2: Y1 = 1, Y2 = 0, Y3 = 0 | |
Junior (3rd grade) | 3: Y1 = 0, Y2 = 1, Y3 = 0 | |
Senior (4th grade) | 4: Y1 = 0, Y2 = 0, Y3 = 1 | |
Experience of Education for Urban Resilience (EUR) | Exist | Exist: 0 |
None | None: 1 |
Number of Classes | 1 Class Model | 2 Class Model | 3 Class Model | 4 Class Model | 5 Class Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Log-likelihood | −1811.88 | −1771.25 | −1736.53 | −1713.52 | −1699.19 |
AIC | 3643.76 | 3584.51 | 3537.07 | 3513.05 | 3506.38 |
BIC | 3683.11 | 3667.14 | 3662.99 | 3672.25 | 3718.87 |
SSA BIC | 3651.38 | 3600.51 | 3561.46 | 3545.82 | 3547.54 |
Entropy | - | 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.83 | 0.72 |
BLRT (p) | - | −1811.88(.00) | −1771.25(.00) | −1736.53(.00) | −1715.53(.01) |
Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Probability of latent class membership within class | 0.35 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.19 | |
Item–response probabilities within each class | |||||
Redundancy | Urban resilience is related to capacity for technical substitutions and “workarounds”. | 0.96 | 0.49 | 0.04 | 0.54 |
Urban resilience is related to ability to substitute and conserve needed inputs. | 0.17 | 0.91 | 0.68 | 0.2 | |
Urban resilience is related to availability of housing options for disaster victims. | 0.31 | 0.25 | 1.00 | 0.83 | |
Urban resilience is related to alternate sites for managing disaster operations. | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.88 | 0.97 | |
Robustness | Urban resilience is related to building codes and construction procedures for new and retrofitted structures. | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.76 | 0.25 |
Urban resilience is related to extent of regional economic diversification. | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.32 | 0.02 | |
Urban resilience is related to social vulnerability and degree of community preparedness. | 0.48 | 0.88 | 0.76 | 0.70 | |
Urban resilience is related to emergency operations planning and private–public cooperation. | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 0.84 | |
Resourcefulness | Urban resilience is related to availability of equipment and materials for restoration and repair. | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.15 | 0.67 |
Urban resilience is related to business and industry capacity to improvise and to converge with knowledge-based industries. | 0.73 | 0.83 | 0.28 | 0.59 | |
Urban resilience is related to capacity to address human needs and social trust relationship. | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.35 | 0.02 | |
Urban resilience is related to capacity to improvise, innovate, and expand operations. | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.82 | |
Rapidity | Urban resilience is related to system downtime, restoration time. | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.18 | 0.80 |
Urban resilience is related to time to regain capacity, lost revenue. | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.09 | 0.58 | |
Urban resilience is related to time to restore lifeline services. | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.17 | |
Urban resilience is related to time between impact and early recovery. | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.62 | 1.00 |
Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | β | OR | β | OR | β | OR | β | OR |
Y1 ** (Second graders) | −0.41 | 0.91 | 1.29 | 3.64 | 0.42 | 1.52 | - | OR |
Y2 * (Third graders) | 1.19 | 3.29 | −0.22 | 0.81 | −3.32 | 0.04 | - | 1.00 |
Y3 ** (Forth Graders) | 0.94 | 2.57 | 1.78 | 5.93 | 6.13 | 457.50 | - | 1.00 |
Experience of EUR ** | 1.36 | 4.82 | 0.47 | 1.92 | 3.23 | 72.49 | - | 1.00 |
Number of Classes | 1 Class Model | 2 Class Model | 3 Class Model | 4 Class Model | 5 Class Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Log-likelihood | −1977.19 | −1878.59 | −1835.34 | −1809.42 | −1785.96 |
AIC | 3974.39 | 3799.18 | 3734.69 | 3704.84 | 3679.92 |
BIC | 4013.73 | 3881.81 | 3860.61 | 3874.04 | 3892.41 |
SSA BIC | 3982.01 | 3815.18 | 3759.08 | 3737.61 | 3721.080 |
Entropy | - | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.76 |
BLRT (p) | - | −1977.19(.00) | −1878.59(.00) | −1835.35(.00) | −1804.14(.00) |
Class I | Class II | Class III | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Probability of latent class membership within class | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.22 | |
Item–response probabilities within each class | ||||
Redundancy | Urban resilience is related to capacity for technical substitutions and “workarounds”. | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.88 |
Urban resilience is related to ability to substitute and conserve needed inputs. | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.40 | |
Urban resilience is related to availability of housing options for disaster victims. | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.33 | |
Urban resilience is related to alternate sites for managing disaster operations. | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.36 | |
Robustness | Urban resilience is related to building codes and construction procedures for new and retrofitted structures. | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
Urban resilience is related to extent of regional economic diversification. | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.32 | |
Urban resilience is related to social vulnerability and degree of community preparedness. | 0.73 | 0.63 | 0.54 | |
Urban resilience is related to emergency operations planning and private–public cooperation. | 0.35 | 0.98 | 0.45 | |
Resourcefulness | Urban resilience is related to availability of equipment and materials for restoration and repair. | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.73 |
Urban resilience is related to business and industry capacity to improvise and to converge with knowledge-based industries. | 0.98 | 0.86 | 0.88 | |
Urban resilience is related to capacity to address human needs and social trust relationship. | 0.92 | 0.06 | 0.35 | |
Urban resilience is related to capacity to improvise, innovate, and expand operations. | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.45 | |
Rapidity | Urban resilience is related to system downtime, restoration time. | 0.91 | 0.45 | 0.16 |
Urban resilience is related to time to regain capacity, lost revenue. | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.89 | |
Urban resilience is related to time to restore lifeline services. | 0.83 | 0.61 | 0.95 | |
Urban resilience is related to time between impact and early recovery. | 0.42 | 0.77 | 0.54 |
Class I | Class II | Class III | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | β | OR | β | OR | β | OR |
Y1 ** (Second graders) | 0.99 | 2.72 | 0.77 | 2.151.7 | - | OR |
Y2 * (Third graders) | −0.65 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 1.78 | - | 1.00 |
Y3 ** (Fourth Graders) | 5.78 | 324.05 | 1.45 | 5.91 | - | 1.00 |
Experience of EUR ** | 1.60 | 4.97 | 0.53 | 1.70 | - | 1.00 |
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Han, S.; Sim, J.; Kwon, Y. Recognition Changes of the Concept of Urban Resilience: Moderating Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic. Land 2021, 10, 1099. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101099
Han S, Sim J, Kwon Y. Recognition Changes of the Concept of Urban Resilience: Moderating Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic. Land. 2021; 10(10):1099. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101099
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Soyoung, Jisoo Sim, and Yoonku Kwon. 2021. "Recognition Changes of the Concept of Urban Resilience: Moderating Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic" Land 10, no. 10: 1099. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101099