Urban Environment during Post-War Reconstruction: Architectural Dominants and Nodal Points as Measures of Changes in an Urban Landscape
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Reflecting the City Plan in Its Landscape
1.2. Study Scene: Białystok
1.3. Study Objectives
1.3.1. Objective 1
1.3.2. Objective 2
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of the Area
2.2. Selection of Objects for Examination
2.3. Procedure and Measures
3. Results
- Changing the rank of streets forming a node and reorienting the spatial structure;
- Introduction of new streets (Plac Jana Pawła II Street, section of Sienkiewicza Street);
- Liquidation of some streets (Szlachecka Street, earlier the end of Nowy Świat Street);
- The loss of the importance of some streets due to spatial changes (Nowy Świat Street, the pre-war main street of the northern Jewish district).
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Landmark | Number of Expositions | Expositions Balance | Total Balance | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main Direct | Subordinate Direct | Main Indirect | Subordinate Indirect | Main Direct | Subordinate Direct | Main Indirect | Subordinate Indirect | |||
1. | St. Roch’s Church 1937 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 8 | |||||
2021 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | +2 | −1 | +1 | −6 | −4 | |
2. | Catholic Cathedral 1937 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 3 | |||||
2021 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | −1 | −5 | 0 | −6 | |
3. | City Hall 1937 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
2021 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
4. | St. Nicolas Orthodox Cathedral 1937 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |||||
2021 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | +1 | −2 | 0 | 0 | −1 | |
5. | Visitor Palace 1937 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
2021 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | −1 | +2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
6. | St. Maria Madeleine Chapel 1937 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |||||
2021 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | |
7. | Theatre 1937 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
2021 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Total balance | +1 | −2 | −4 | −6 | −11 |
URBAN NODES | Number of Directions (Connections) | Balance in Structure | Total Balance | Transformation of Urban Structure in Urban Nodes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main | Subordinate | Main | Subordinate | Shift of Rank | New | Decline | |||
1 | Crossing of streets next to St. Roch’s Church | 3 | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
1937 | |||||||||
2021 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
2 | Crossing of streets next to Cathedral | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1937 | |||||||||
2021 | 3 | 2 | |||||||
3 | Crossing of streets next to City Hall | 4 | 0 | 0 | +1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
1937 | |||||||||
2021 | 3 | 1 | |||||||
4 | Crossing of streets next to St. Nicolas Orthodox Cathedral | 2 | 1 | 0 | +1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
1937 | |||||||||
2021 | 2 | 2 | |||||||
5 | Crossing of streets next to Palace Gate | 4 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1937 | |||||||||
2021 | 3 | 0 | |||||||
6 | Crossing of Malmeda Str. with Spółdzielcza Str. | 0 | 3 | +2 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1937 | |||||||||
2021 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
7 | Nowy Świat Str. | 2 | 1 | −2 | −1 | −3 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
1937 | |||||||||
2021 | 0 | 2 | |||||||
8 | Crossing of Warynskiego Str. with previous Szlachecka Str. | 0 | 3 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
1937 | |||||||||
2021 | 0 | 2 | |||||||
9 | Crossing of Warynskiego Str. With Czysta | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1937 | |||||||||
2021 | 0 | 4 | |||||||
Total balance | −2 | −1 | −3 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
X1 | Pre-war urban nodes | 83 | X1 | > | X2 + X3 | New urban grid | ||||||||||
X2 | Urban nodes common for both urban grids | 63 | X1 | ≤ X2 ≥ | X3 | Preserved urban grid form | ||||||||||
X3 | Post-war urban nodes | 30 | X2 | ≤ | X3 | Modified urban grid | ||||||||||
X1 | x2 | x3 | Summary | X1 | x2 | x3 | Summary | X1 | x2 | x3 | Summary | |||||
A1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | B1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | C1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
A2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | B2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | C2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 | ||
A3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | B3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | C3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 | ||
A4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | B4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | C4 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 12 | ||
A5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | B5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | C5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | ||
A6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | B6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | C6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | ||
A7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | B7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | C7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
A8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | B8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | C8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 20 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 36 | |||||
X1 | x2 | x3 | Summary | X1 | x2 | x3 | Summary | X1 | x2 | x3 | Summary | |||||
D1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | E1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | F1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
D2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 9 | E2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | F2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
D3 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 18 | E3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 7 | F3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 | ||
D4 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 14 | E4 | 18 | 1 | 5 | 24 | F4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||
D5 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 | E5 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 9 | F5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | ||
D6 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 | E6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | F6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
D7 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | E7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | F7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
D8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | E8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | F8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
24 | 28 | 6 | 58 | 29 | 11 | 7 | 47 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 11 |
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Czarnecki, B.; Chodorowski, M.P. Urban Environment during Post-War Reconstruction: Architectural Dominants and Nodal Points as Measures of Changes in an Urban Landscape. Land 2021, 10, 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101083
Czarnecki B, Chodorowski MP. Urban Environment during Post-War Reconstruction: Architectural Dominants and Nodal Points as Measures of Changes in an Urban Landscape. Land. 2021; 10(10):1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101083
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzarnecki, Bartosz, and Michał Pawel Chodorowski. 2021. "Urban Environment during Post-War Reconstruction: Architectural Dominants and Nodal Points as Measures of Changes in an Urban Landscape" Land 10, no. 10: 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101083