Effects on Infiltration and Evaporation When Adding Rapeseed-Oil Residue or Wheat Straw to a Loam Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials and Design
2.2. Experimental Method
- (1)
- After the soils were compacted into soil column and left standing for 24 h, the infiltration experiment was conducted. A graduated Mariotte bottle was connected to the soil column to maintain a steady infiltration head at 5 cm and a continuous water supply. The water level in the Mariotte bottle was recorded to calculate accumulative infiltration; the lower distance of the wetting front was also recorded regularly. The infiltration ended when the lower distance of the wetting front was 50 cm. The water supply was then cut off and the surface water was drained. Finally, moderate amounts of the soils were collected from small holes (inner diameter: 1 cm) on the sides of the soil columns at a depth of 0 (soil surface) as well as at 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 cm. The soil water content was obtained through the oven-drying method, and the average water content at 5–45 cm was then calculated as the average value of the water content at each depth layer (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 cm).
- (2)
- The soil column was weighed after infiltration and then placed beneath an infrared lamp (275 W), at which point the following evaporation experiment started. The vertical distance between the lamp and soil surface was maintained at a constant 40 cm. The mean room temperature was 24.5 ± 0.5 °C. During evaporation, the soil column was weighed regularly for evaporation calculation (i.e., water loss), and after 7 days’ continuous day-and-night illumination, moderate quantities of soil were collected from small holes at depths of 0, 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 cm depth to measure the soil water content and calculate the average water content at 5–45 cm.
- (3)
- The variability coefficient (CV), calculated as the sample standard deviation divided by the sample average [21], reflects the degree of data dispersion. CV was therefore selected in the present study to analyze the degree of variation in the soil water distribution resulting from infiltration and evaporation, with a larger CV value representing a greater degree of variation.
2.3. Model Application
2.4. Model Performance Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of Infiltration Affected by RR and WS
3.2. Evaluation of Evaporation Affected by RR and WS
3.3. Evaluation of Soil Water Distribution Affected by RR and WS
3.4. Variability of Vertical Water Distribution Affected by RR and WS
4. Discussion
4.1. Inhibitory Effect of Additives on Infiltration
4.2. Water Retention for Soils Mixed with Additives
4.3. Application and Promotion of RR and WS
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
RR | rapeseed-oil residue |
WS | wheat straw |
DWF | duration of wetting front reaching the bottom of soil column |
TRR | treatment mixed with rapeseed-oil residue |
TWS | treatment mixed with wheat straw |
CWR | water-retention coefficient |
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Treatments | a | b | R2 | RRMSE | CRM | NS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 2.29 | 0.49 | 0.9993 | 0.0214 | 0.0037 | 0.9987 |
RR-1% | 1.71 | 0.50 | 0.9988 | 0.0362 | 0.0040 | 0.9969 |
RR-2% | 1.74 | 0.47 | 0.9975 | 0.0674 | 0.0078 | 0.9899 |
RR-3% | 1.72 | 0.47 | 0.9976 | 0.0652 | 0.0087 | 0.9909 |
RR-5% | 1.57 | 0.46 | 0.9952 | 0.0730 | 0.0089 | 0.9895 |
WS-1% | 2.30 | 0.47 | 0.9950 | 0.0785 | 0.0156 | 0.9844 |
WS-2% | 1.96 | 0.47 | 0.9986 | 0.0132 | 0.0018 | 0.9996 |
WS-3% | 2.04 | 0.45 | 0.9946 | 0.0446 | 0.0099 | 0.9953 |
Treatments | Philip/Kostiakov Model | Gardner/Rose Model | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | RRMSE | CRM | NS | R2 | RRMSE | CRM | NS | |
CK | 0.9993 (0.9990) | 0.0344 (0.0184) | 0.0159 (0.0018) | 0.9963 (0.9989) | 0.9755 (0.9670) | 0.0718 (0.0658) | −0.0159 (−0.0103) | 0.9672 (0.9724) |
RR-1% | 0.9971 (0.9979) | 0.0863 (0.0305) | 0.0608 (0.0045) | 0.9822 (0.9978) | 0.9785 (0.9712) | 0.1233 (0.1202) | −0.0384 (−0.0311) | 0.9600 (0.9619) |
RR-2% | 0.9953 (0.9987) | 0.2616 (0.0272) | 0.1665 (0.0025) | 0.8793 (0.9987) | 0.9852 (0.9929) | 0.0422 (0.0331) | 0.0024 (−0.0021) | 0.9847 (0.9906) |
RR-3% | 0.9969 (0.9986) | 0.1590 (0.0282) | 0.1017 (0.0035) | 0.9535 (0.9985) | 0.9837 (0.9776) | 0.0836 (0.0835) | −0.0200 (−0.0215) | 0.9772 (0.9773) |
RR-5% | 0.9912 (0.9949) | 0.2353 (0.0596) | 0.1571 (0.0142) | 0.9066 (0.9940) | 0.9785 (0.9864) | 0.0693 (0.0266) | 0.0168 (0.0023) | 0.9064 (0.9863) |
WS-1% | 0.9986 (0.9995) | 0.1927 (0.0148) | 0.1262 (−0.0012) | 0.9183 (0.9995) | 0.9808 (0.9749) | 0.0781 (0.0746) | −0.0152 (−0.0080) | 0.9634 (0.9666) |
WS-2% | 0.9990 (0.9984) | 0.0353 (0.0263) | 0.0162 (0.0042) | 0.9969 (0.9983) | 0.9846 (0.9791) | 0.1039 (0.1011) | −0.0332 (−0.0244) | 0.9701 (0.9717) |
WS-3% | 0.9987 (0.9997) | 0.1231 (0.0123) | 0.0780 (0.0021) | 0.9710 (0.9997) | 0.9789 (0.9766) | 0.1174 (0.1170) | −0.0346 (−0.0311) | 0.9665 (0.9667) |
Treatments | Kostiakov Model | Rose Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
a | n | A | B (×10−3) | |
CK | 1.176 | 0.469 | 0.8353 | 1.60 |
RR-1% | 0.645 | 0.520 | 0.7986 | 0.80 |
RR-2% | 0.448 | 0.545 | 0.7004 | 0.20 |
RR-3% | 0.394 | 0.560 | 0.6288 | 0.50 |
RR-5% | 0.340 | 0.580 | 0.5517 | 0.20 |
WS-1% | 0.883 | 0.501 | 0.8147 | 0.90 |
WS-2% | 0.651 | 0.512 | 0.7170 | 0.80 |
WS-3% | 0.460 | 0.543 | 0.6364 | 0.40 |
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Xing, X.; Li, Y.; Ma, X. Effects on Infiltration and Evaporation When Adding Rapeseed-Oil Residue or Wheat Straw to a Loam Soil. Water 2017, 9, 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090700
Xing X, Li Y, Ma X. Effects on Infiltration and Evaporation When Adding Rapeseed-Oil Residue or Wheat Straw to a Loam Soil. Water. 2017; 9(9):700. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090700
Chicago/Turabian StyleXing, Xuguang, Yibo Li, and Xiaoyi Ma. 2017. "Effects on Infiltration and Evaporation When Adding Rapeseed-Oil Residue or Wheat Straw to a Loam Soil" Water 9, no. 9: 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090700
APA StyleXing, X., Li, Y., & Ma, X. (2017). Effects on Infiltration and Evaporation When Adding Rapeseed-Oil Residue or Wheat Straw to a Loam Soil. Water, 9(9), 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090700