Climate Change Impacts on Sediment Quality of Subalpine Reservoirs: Implications on Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Region of Investigation
2.2. Sediment Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Climate Change Scenarios
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Contamination of Reservoir Sediments and Toxicity Risk
3.2. Relations between Sediment Quality and Physical-Chemical Drivers
3.3. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Sediment Quality in Reservoirs
3.4. Management Directions
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Min | Max | Median | PECi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altitude | m a.s.l. | 237 | 2987 | 1051 | |
Sedimentation rate | cm year−1 | 0.1 | 74.1 | 5.6 | |
Sedimentation level | % volume year−1 | 0.001 | 8.56 | 0.41 | |
Volume | M3 106 | 0.05 | 63 | 0.35 | |
Surface | Km2 | 0.02 | 2.2 | 0.04 | |
Max depth | m | 9 | 86 | 27 | |
Fine fraction | % < 2mm | 15.3 | 100 | 90.85 | |
TOC | g kg−1 d.w. | 0.06 | 108 | 1.3 | |
As | mg kg−1 d.w. | 1.0 | 694.7 | 27.9 | 33 |
Cd | mg kg−1 d.w. | 0.03 | 2.00 | 0.22 | 4.98 |
Cr | mg kg−1 d.w. | 6.8 | 65.3 | 21.6 | 111 |
Cu | mg kg−1 d.w. | 1.4 | 91.5 | 25.5 | 149 |
Hg | mg kg−1 d.w. | 0.01 | 1.20 | 0.04 | 1.06 |
Ni | mg kg−1 d.w. | 2.7 | 46.4 | 19.3 | 48.6 |
Pb | mg kg−1 d.w. | 1.0 | 150.2 | 18.1 | 128 |
Zn | mg kg−1 d.w. | 28.3 | 355.9 | 88.2 | 459 |
C > 12 | mg kg−1 d.w. | 0.5 | 173.1 | 15.8 | 860 |
PAHs | mg kg−1 d.w. | 0.0002 | 0.60 | 0.02 | 22.8 |
PCBs | mg kg−1 d.w. | 0.0001 | 0.057 | 0.002 | 0.676 |
Parameter | Igeo | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Median | Sediment Quality Classification | |
As | −2.20 | 4.59 | 1.06 | Strongly polluted to extremely polluted |
Cd | −3.04 | 2.12 | −0.33 | Moderately polluted to strongly polluted |
Cr | −3.88 | −0.48 | −1.91 | Unpolluted |
Cu | −4.03 | −0.31 | −1.28 | Unpolluted |
Hg | −4.06 | 1.34 | −2.27 | Moderately polluted |
Ni | −4.00 | −0.80 | −1.97 | Unpolluted |
Pb | −3.40 | 1.61 | −0.82 | Moderately polluted |
Zn | −2.78 | 0.81 | −0.69 | Unpolluted to moderately polluted |
Parameter | PECQs | ||
---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Median | |
As | 0.030 | 21.05 | 0.84 |
Cd | 0.005 | 0.40 | 0.04 |
Cr | 0.000 | 0.59 | 0.19 |
Cu | 0.000 | 0.61 | 0.17 |
Hg | 0.009 | 1.13 | 0.03 |
Ni | 0.056 | 0.95 | 0.40 |
Pb | 0.008 | 1.17 | 0.14 |
Zn | 0.062 | 0.78 | 0.19 |
C > 12 | 0.001 | 0.20 | 0.02 |
PAHs | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.001 |
PCBs | 0.000 | 0.08 | 0.003 |
PECQtot | 0.000 | 2.25 | 0.22 |
Drivers | Effects of Climate Change | Effect on Sediment Contamination |
---|---|---|
Runoff | Increased flux of sediments and coarse materials into the reservoirs | Pollutant dilution |
Siltation rate | Increased flux of allochthonous material into the reservoirs | Pollutant dilution |
Permafrost | Increased fluxes of trace elements and organic matter into the reservoirs | Increased metal and TOC concentrations |
Tree line | Increased fluxes of organic matter into the reservoirs | Increased TOC concentrations |
TOC | Increased availability of organic ligands in sediments and water column | Reduced bioavailability of pollutants |
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Laura, M.; Tartari, G.; Salerno, F.; Valsecchi, L.; Bravi, C.; Lorenzi, E.; Genoni, P.; Guzzella, L. Climate Change Impacts on Sediment Quality of Subalpine Reservoirs: Implications on Management. Water 2017, 9, 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090680
Laura M, Tartari G, Salerno F, Valsecchi L, Bravi C, Lorenzi E, Genoni P, Guzzella L. Climate Change Impacts on Sediment Quality of Subalpine Reservoirs: Implications on Management. Water. 2017; 9(9):680. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090680
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura, Marziali, Gianni Tartari, Franco Salerno, Lucia Valsecchi, Clara Bravi, Erika Lorenzi, Pietro Genoni, and Licia Guzzella. 2017. "Climate Change Impacts on Sediment Quality of Subalpine Reservoirs: Implications on Management" Water 9, no. 9: 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090680