Bacteria Removal from Stormwater Runoff Using Tree Filters: A Comparison of a Conventional and an Innovative System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. ITF Preparation
2.3. Sampling and Analysis
2.4. Controlled Field Tracer Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Field Tracer Experiment
3.2. Field Monitoring Results
3.3. Contaminant Removal
3.3.1. E. coli
3.3.2. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3.3.3. Nutrients and TSS
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measure | Conventional Sand/Shale Tree Filter | Innovative Red Cedar Tree Filter * |
---|---|---|
Catch Basin Length (m) | 0.45 | 0.45 |
Catch Basin Width (m) | 0.91 | 1.25 |
Catch Basin Volume (L) | 409.5 | 542.6 |
Catch Basin Depth (m) | 1.00 | 0.97 |
Infiltration Area (m2) | 0.90 | 1.59 |
Engineered treatment media Volume (m3) | 0.64 | 1.13 |
Contributing Area (m2) | 238 | 2978 |
Parameter | Conventional Sand/Shale Tree Filter (CTF) | Innovative Red Cedar Tree Filter (ITF) |
---|---|---|
Wetting Front (min) | 30 | 23 |
Travel time of tracer (min) | 26 | 38 |
NaCl Mass Recovered | 76% | 72.6% |
Log10 Removal Value (LRV) | 2.09 | 2.02 |
% Removal | 99.2 | 99.1 |
Constituent | Units | WINTER | SUMMER | Literature Values | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | - | 8.30 ± 1.62 | 7.69 ± 1.12 | 4.54–10.1 | a, b, c, l, o, s |
(6.01–11.25) | (6.01–9.67) | ||||
SC | µs/cm | 4286.0 ± 5616.0 | 91.9 ± 70.5 | 25–30,800 | a, d, e |
(20.3–20,115.0) | (18.7–378.0) | ||||
Chloride | mg/L | 4564.7 | 30.8 | 0.2–11,200 | a, d, e, l, s |
(2.1–29,480.0) | (18.7–366.6) | ||||
Nitrate | mg/L | 40.2 | 10.2 | 0.02–34.7 | a, b, c, f, g, h, n, s |
(1.4–249.6) | (2.1–18.5) | ||||
Phosphate | mg/L | - | 0.5 | 0.005–2.3 | a, b, c, g, n |
(0.0–0.94) | |||||
TSS* | mg/L | 44.9 | 9.2 | 1–46,000 | a, c, g, h, p, r |
(26.3–92.0) | (2.5–56.0) | ||||
Copper | µg/L | 85 | 2.4 | 6–1800 | a, g, h, q |
(b.d.–1356) | (b.d.–36.3) | ||||
Nickel | µg/L | 4.9 | 4–170 | a, g | |
(b.d.–68) | b.d. | ||||
Lead | µg/L | 63.1 | 7.9 | 2–525 | a, g, h, m, q |
(b.d.–893.0) | (b.d.–118.0) | ||||
Zinc | µg/L | 459.1 | 19.7 | 25–13,000 | a, g, h, q, r |
(b.d.–5899.0) | (n.d.–118.0) | ||||
∑PAH16 | µg/L | 11.1 | 5.3 | 0–22.6 | a, l |
(b.d.–21.1) | (b.d.–8.0) | ||||
E. coli | CFU/100 mL | 2.3 * 104 | 6.44 * 102 | 110–106 | g, i, j, k, p |
(0–2.0 * 105) | (0–2.3 * 104) |
Shale Tree Filter | Red Cedar Tree Filter | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Unit | Winter | Summer | Winter | Summer | RISM Minimum Removal % | Literature Reported Removal % | Reference |
% Change | % Change | % Change | % Change | |||||
Chloride | mg/L | 70.7 ± 20.6 | −13.7 ± 12.9 | 46.0 ± 25.1 | 7.1 ± 5.9 | - | - | - |
Nitrate | mg/L | 32.1 ± 26.8 | −8.0 ± 29.3 | 60.8 ± 53.8 | −8.3 ± 40.2 | 30 | 3–99 | h, r, s, t, u |
Phosphate | mg/L | ~ | 45.3 ± 20.5 | ~ | 50.1 ± 26.9 | 30 | 65–80 | h, t |
TSS* | mg/L | 63.4 ± 14.3 | 59.1 ± 10.3 | 85.4 ± 17.3 | 73.8 ± 10.0 | 85 | 54–99 | h, u, v |
Copper | µg/L | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | - | 67–99 | h, y |
Nickel | µg/L | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | - | + | z |
Lead | µg/L | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | - | 80–99 | h, y |
Zinc | µg/L | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | - | 84–99 | h, y |
∑PAH16 | µg/L | 46.5 ± 5.2 | 8.5 ± 2.4 | 54.7 ± 8.4 | 9.1 ± 3.6 | - | 18.5–99 | l, u |
E. coli | CFU/100 mL | 71.3 ± 35.5 | 86.3 ± 20.3 | 77.3 ± 32.0 | 89.9 ± 14.5 | 60 | 0–96 | w, x |
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Schifman, L.A.; Kasaraneni, V.K.; Sullivan, R.K.; Oyanedel-Craver, V.; Boving, T.B. Bacteria Removal from Stormwater Runoff Using Tree Filters: A Comparison of a Conventional and an Innovative System. Water 2016, 8, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8030076
Schifman LA, Kasaraneni VK, Sullivan RK, Oyanedel-Craver V, Boving TB. Bacteria Removal from Stormwater Runoff Using Tree Filters: A Comparison of a Conventional and an Innovative System. Water. 2016; 8(3):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8030076
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchifman, Laura A., Varun K. Kasaraneni, Ryan K. Sullivan, Vinka Oyanedel-Craver, and Thomas B. Boving. 2016. "Bacteria Removal from Stormwater Runoff Using Tree Filters: A Comparison of a Conventional and an Innovative System" Water 8, no. 3: 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8030076