Disinfection of Treated Wastewater and its Reuse in the Irrigation of Golf Grass: The Case of Plant M’zar Agadir-Morocco
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Protocols of Disinfected Treated Wastewater Reuse
2.2. Soil Characteristics and Irrigation Water
Parameters | Texture | pH | Organic matter (%) | Total nitrogen (%) | Total Limestone (%) | EC 1/5 (dS/m) | Soluble Salts (g/kg) | P2O5 Assimilable (ppm) | K2O Exchangeable (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Topsoil | LSC * | 8.70 | 1.85 | 0.15 | 5.20 | 0.12 | 0.41 | 14.56 | 128.70 |
Sand | S | 9.6 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 36.7 | 0.045 | 0.16 | 1 | 24.9 |
- the groundwater of Souss plain, drawn from the well located in the wastewater plant zone;
- the treated wastewater of the plant M’zarAit Melloul, which uses the infiltration percolation process on bed sands and disinfected with bleach.
- The groundwaters are classified as C2S1, they can be used on any type of soil with minimal risk of sodium accumulation. Water salinity (EC = 0.520 ds/m) is close to the limit of turf growth without applying special treatments for salinity (EC limit located = 0.750 ds/m).
- The treated wastewaters are classified as C4S1, they are very saline (EC at 25 °C is of 3.15 ds/m). However, they can be used for any type of soil as the value of the SAR is less than 10.
Groundwater | Treated wastewater | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
mg/L | (×10−3) mole/L | mg/L | (×10−3) mole/L | |
pH | 7.4 | 7.1 | ||
EC at 25 °C dS/m | 0.58 | 3.15 | ||
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) | 0.84 | 6.66 | ||
Chloride Cl− | 128 | 3.61 | 720 | 20.31 |
Potassium K+ | 2.89 | 0.07 | 43 | 1.1 |
Sodium Na+ | 30.52 | 1.32 | 487 | 21.21 |
Calcium Ca2+ | 47.8 | 1.19 | 294.8 | 7.35 |
Magnesium Mg2+ | 32.1 | 1.32 | 65.9 | 2.71 |
Total Nitrogen | 1.5 | 0.1 | 44.6 | 3.18 |
Phosphorus | 0.39 | 0.01 | 8.85 | 0.28 |
Bicarbonate HCO3− | 191 | 3.13 | 317 | 5.19 |
Sulphate SO42− | 10 | 0.1 | 85 | 0.88 |
Nitrate N− NO3 | 5.2 | 0.08 | 350 | 5.64 |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Disinfection Tests Protocol
3.1.1. Determination of the Chlorometric Degree
3.1.2. Chlorine Demand
Designation | Total Coliform (TC) (37° 24 h) UFC/100 mL | Feacal Coliforms (FC) (44° 24h) UFC/100 mL |
---|---|---|
Stock solution (SM) | 20 × 104 | 9 × 103 |
Sample | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of Chlorine Solution (mL) | 5.2 | 11.1 | 25 | 42.8 | 66.6 | 81.8 | 150 | 233.3 | 400 | 900 |
Active Concentration of Cl2 (mg/L) | 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 45 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
Residual Chlorine mg/L | 1 | 6 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 60 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 70 |
pH of Chlorine Solution | 8.09 | 8.13 | 8.06 | 7.90 | 7.91 | 7.77 | 7.87 | 7.97 | 8.38 | 8.73 |
3.1.3. Break Point Determination
3.1.4. Bacteriological Tests Results
Designation | Total Coliform (TC) (37° 24 h) UFC/100 mL | Feacal Coliforms (FC) (44° 24h) UFC/100 mL |
---|---|---|
Stock solution (SM) | 20 × 104 | 9 × 103 |
SM for dilution 101 | 9 × 104 | 0 |
SM for dilution 102 | 105 | 0 |
4th bottle | 4 × 103 | 0 |
4th bottle for dilution 101 | 0 | 0 |
4th bottle for dilution 102 | 0 | 0 |
Break point (9th bottle) | 0 | 0 |
3.2. Growth Parameters
3.3. Microbiological Parameters
Grass irrigated by TWW | Grass irrigated by GW | Outer golf Grass irrigated by GW | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EV1 | EV2 | EV3 | ||||
Total Coliforms (UFC/gr) | 1.90E + 05 | 2.20E + 05 | 5.90E + 05 | 3.80E + 04 | 1.00E + 03 | |
Faecal Coliforms UFC/gr | 2.10E + 02 | 1.60E + 02 | 5.10E + 02 | 5.00E + 02 | 1.00E + 03 | |
Faecal Streptococcus UFC/gr | 1.2E + 02 | 2.00E + 02 | 5.00E + 02 | 2.20E + 02 | 1.00E + 02 | |
Salmonella UFC/25 gr | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Irrigated grass by disinfected TWW | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
EV1 | EV2 | EV3 | ||
Total Coliforms (UFC/gr) | 4.3E + 05 | 8.2E + 04 | 3.2E + 05 | |
Faecal Coliforms UFC/gr | <10 | <10 | <10 | |
Faecal Streptococcus UFC/gr | <100 | <100 | <100 | |
Anaerobic Sulfite-Reduction UFC/gr | <10 | <10 | <10 | |
AerobicMicroorganism at 30°C UFC/gr | >3.107 | >3.107 | >3.107 | |
Salmonella UFC/25 gr | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4. Conclusions
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Mouhanni, H.; Bendou, A.; Er-Raki, S. Disinfection of Treated Wastewater and its Reuse in the Irrigation of Golf Grass: The Case of Plant M’zar Agadir-Morocco. Water 2011, 3, 1128-1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3041128
Mouhanni H, Bendou A, Er-Raki S. Disinfection of Treated Wastewater and its Reuse in the Irrigation of Golf Grass: The Case of Plant M’zar Agadir-Morocco. Water. 2011; 3(4):1128-1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3041128
Chicago/Turabian StyleMouhanni, Hind, Abelaziz Bendou, and Salah Er-Raki. 2011. "Disinfection of Treated Wastewater and its Reuse in the Irrigation of Golf Grass: The Case of Plant M’zar Agadir-Morocco" Water 3, no. 4: 1128-1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3041128