A Sediment Process Simulation on the Steep Area of the Upper Yangtze River Basin Using a Hybrid Distributed Soil Erosion Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Dataset
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Dataset
3. Methodology
3.1. The DEM-Based Distributed Rainfall-Runoff Model
3.2. Model Modification for Sediment Simulation
3.2.1. Soil Erosion Calculation at Cell Scale
3.2.2. Soil Erosion and Transport Calculation at River Channel
3.2.3. Reservoir Retention
3.3. Model Setup
3.4. Model Calibration and Evaluation
4. Results
4.1. Basin Characteristics and Dataset Analysis
4.2. Model Performance of the DDRM-SED Model
4.3. Comparison of Simulation Performance from Multi-Model
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The modified version of the DDRM model (i.e., DDRM-SED) shows a good simulation performance in terms of flow and sediment processes. The DDRM-SED model with multi-spatial resolution shows a better simulation performance than the model with constant spatial resolution.
- (2)
- A spatial discretization method for basins based on multiple spatial resolutions is proposed in this study, which is able to accurately describe topography (e.g., slope length and slope gradient) and take into account its influence on soil process simulation. However, the simulation and validation using only the data from Ningnan Station cannot reflect the spatial and temporal variations of the model.
- (3)
- The research proposes a modification of the DDRM model, showing the performance in simulating flow and sediment processes, and by applying the modified model, a better simulation of flow and sediment processes can be obtained. It provides technical support and a theoretical basis for the simulation of the water–sediment transport process. In future studies, coupling multi-source water–sediment data and sub-basin refinement measurements can enable accurate simulation and validation of basin water–sediment processes with multiple spatial resolutions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Type | Spatial Resolution | Temporal Resolution | Period |
---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | station | daily | 2011–2020 |
Temperature | station | daily | 2011–2020 |
Runoff | station | daily | 2011–2020 |
Sediment | station | daily | 2011–2020 |
DEM | 30 m and 300 m | / | / |
Land use | 1 km | / | / |
NDVI | 1 km | monthly | 2011–2020 |
Soil texture | 1 km | / | / |
soil organic carbon content | 1 km | / | / |
Area | Cell Size | Percentage of Area in Terrain with Different Slopes | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–5° | 5–10° | 10–15° | 15–20° | 20–25° | 25–30° | 30–35° | 35–40° | 40–45° | >45° | ||
Above Ningnan Station | 300 m | 6.96% | 18.08% | 24.64% | 23.10% | 15.35% | 8.03% | 3.09% | 0.69% | 0.06% | 0.00% |
30 m | 3.51% | 7.27% | 13.94% | 18.77% | 18.51% | 15.13% | 11.12% | 6.73% | 3.08% | 1.94% |
Period | Flood No. | Flood Peak Flow (m3/s) | Peak Occurrence Time Error (d) | Flood Volume (108 m3) | NSE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measured | Simulated | Relative Error | Measured | Simulated | Relative Error | |||||
Calibration period | 2010 | 20100710 | 309 | 286 | −7.4% | 0 | 0.09 | 0.08 | −11.1% | 0.76 |
2011 | 20110623 | 311 | 269 | −13.5% | 0 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 8.3% | 0.71 | |
2012 | 20120705 | 667 | 589 | −11.7% | 0 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 14.3% | 0.79 | |
2013 | 20130912 | 520 | 495 | −4.8% | 0 | 0.27 | 0.23 | −14.8% | 0.71 | |
2014 | 20140818 | 511 | 434 | −15.1% | 0 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 12.5% | 0.68 | |
2015 | 20150715 | 424 | 372 | −12.3% | 0 | 0.09 | 0.08 | −13.3% | 0.83 | |
2016 | 20160628 | 656 | 598 | −8.8% | 0 | 0.44 | 0.38 | −13.6% | 0.73 | |
2017 | 20170625 | 431 | 382 | −11.4% | 0 | 0.29 | 0.26 | −10.3% | 0.72 | |
Validation period | 2019 | 20190713 | 330 | 288 | −12.7% | 0 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 7.7% | 0.79 |
2020 | 20200917 | 583 | 548 | −6.0% | 0 | 0.42 | 0.38 | −9.5% | 0.77 |
Period | Flood No. | Sediment Peak Volume (104 t) | Peak Occurrence Time Error (d) | Sediment Transport Volume (104 t) | NSE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measured | Simulated | Relative Standard Deviation | Measured | Simulated | Relative Standard Deviation | |||||
Calibration period | 2010 | 20100710 | 34.91 | 31.23 | −10.5% | 0 | 102.72 | 97.54 | −5.0% | 0.73 |
2011 | 20110623 | 51.15 | 48.83 | −4.5% | 0 | 70.65 | 67.44 | −4.5% | 0.79 | |
2012 | 20120705 | 71.63 | 69.55 | −2.9% | 0 | 146.27 | 129.33 | −11.6% | 0.83 | |
2013 | 20130912 | 38.36 | 42.52 | 10.8% | 0 | 69.16 | 71.32 | 3.1% | 0.76 | |
2014 | 20140818 | 57.45 | 55.19 | −3.9% | 0 | 75.62 | 79.31 | 4.9% | 0.77 | |
2015 | 20150715 | 46.89 | 43.5 | −7.2% | 0 | 50.15 | 47.27 | −5.7% | 0.73 | |
2016 | 20160628 | 173.66 | 161.02 | −7.3% | 0 | 373.88 | 359.18 | −3.9% | 0.86 | |
2017 | 20170625 | 108.86 | 115.61 | 6.2% | 0 | 298.27 | 277.45 | −7.0% | 0.71 | |
Validation period | 2019 | 20190713 | 56.74 | 53.41 | −5.9% | 0 | 65.32 | 68.74 | 5.2% | 0.78 |
2020 | 20200917 | 39.89 | 41.51 | 4.1% | 0 | 163.13 | 171.31 | 5.0% | 0.75 |
Models | Evaluation Indicators | Calibration Period | Validation Period |
---|---|---|---|
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation RUSLE(Centralized model and distributed model) | Relative error of multi-year average erosion sediment yield | 18.9% | −13.2% |
Distributed water–sediment yield and transportation model (Equal-size cell) | Nash efficiency factor | 0.74 | 0.79 |
Relative error of sediment peak | 7.7% | 5.3% | |
Relative error of multi-year sediment transport | 21.3% | −9.9% | |
Distributed water–sediment yield and transportation model (Multi-size cell) | Nash efficiency factor | 0.79 | 0.84 |
Relative error of sediment peak | 7.9% | −8.1% | |
Relative error of multi-year sediment transport | 17.0% | 7.7% |
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Wang, Y.; Jin, Y.; Bi, H.; Ren, Y. A Sediment Process Simulation on the Steep Area of the Upper Yangtze River Basin Using a Hybrid Distributed Soil Erosion Model. Water 2025, 17, 996. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17070996
Wang Y, Jin Y, Bi H, Ren Y. A Sediment Process Simulation on the Steep Area of the Upper Yangtze River Basin Using a Hybrid Distributed Soil Erosion Model. Water. 2025; 17(7):996. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17070996
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yibo, Ye Jin, Hongwei Bi, and Yufeng Ren. 2025. "A Sediment Process Simulation on the Steep Area of the Upper Yangtze River Basin Using a Hybrid Distributed Soil Erosion Model" Water 17, no. 7: 996. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17070996
APA StyleWang, Y., Jin, Y., Bi, H., & Ren, Y. (2025). A Sediment Process Simulation on the Steep Area of the Upper Yangtze River Basin Using a Hybrid Distributed Soil Erosion Model. Water, 17(7), 996. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17070996