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Water
Volume 17
Issue 22
10.3390/w17223242
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Optimization Tool of Hybrid Energy Systems Toward a New Integrated Solution to Improve the Fish Sector’s Effectiveness

by
Nicolas Soehlemann
1,
Modesto Pérez-Sánchez
2,*,
Oscar E. Coronado-Hernández
3,
Aonghus McNabola
4,
António Quintino
1 and
Helena M. Ramos
1,*
1
Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior Técnico, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
2
Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
3
Instituto de Hidráulica y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia
4
School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2025, 17(22), 3242; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223242 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 28 August 2025 / Revised: 20 October 2025 / Accepted: 8 November 2025 / Published: 13 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Water-Energy Nexus)
Versions Notes

Abstract

A techno-economic-environmental assessment tool was tailored to a fish sector case study. The fish sector, combined with two renewable components (wind and hydro), was analysed, and sensitivity analyses were carried out to integrate other renewables in a specifically developed optimization model (i.e., HY4RES-AHS). The model used an evolutionary method and resulted in the following conclusions: Scenario 2 excels financially, with the highest IRR (42%), shortest payback (4 years), and lowest investment (EUR 14,500), though it suffers from high energy losses (27.4%) due to a limited grid feed-in (120 kW). Scenario 4 is the most sustainable, with the highest SSR (97.8%) and SCR (63.4%) and lowest grid emissions (12.83 t CO2 eq.), supported by 600 kW PV and strong biomass use, but it has the lowest NPV (EUR 2241) and longest payback (25 years). Scenario 3 offers the best overall balance, achieving the highest NPV (EUR 741,293), solid IRR (20%), low energy losses (2.8%), and strong SSR (94%). Scenarios 5 and 7 prohibit grid feed-in, resulting in the highest energy losses (46.7% and 48.4%) and poor sustainability. Scenario 6 is financially strong (NPV EUR 602,280) but lacks biomass and biogas, reducing system resilience and autonomy. In summary, Scenario 2 is cost-efficient, Scenario 4 leads to sustainability, and Scenario 3 exhibits balanced performance.
Keywords: fish sector; aquaculture; optimisation tool; hybrid energy; system effectiveness fish sector; aquaculture; optimisation tool; hybrid energy; system effectiveness

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MDPI and ACS Style

Soehlemann, N.; Pérez-Sánchez, M.; Coronado-Hernández, O.E.; McNabola, A.; Quintino, A.; Ramos, H.M. Optimization Tool of Hybrid Energy Systems Toward a New Integrated Solution to Improve the Fish Sector’s Effectiveness. Water 2025, 17, 3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223242

AMA Style

Soehlemann N, Pérez-Sánchez M, Coronado-Hernández OE, McNabola A, Quintino A, Ramos HM. Optimization Tool of Hybrid Energy Systems Toward a New Integrated Solution to Improve the Fish Sector’s Effectiveness. Water. 2025; 17(22):3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223242

Chicago/Turabian Style

Soehlemann, Nicolas, Modesto Pérez-Sánchez, Oscar E. Coronado-Hernández, Aonghus McNabola, António Quintino, and Helena M. Ramos. 2025. "Optimization Tool of Hybrid Energy Systems Toward a New Integrated Solution to Improve the Fish Sector’s Effectiveness" Water 17, no. 22: 3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223242

APA Style

Soehlemann, N., Pérez-Sánchez, M., Coronado-Hernández, O. E., McNabola, A., Quintino, A., & Ramos, H. M. (2025). Optimization Tool of Hybrid Energy Systems Toward a New Integrated Solution to Improve the Fish Sector’s Effectiveness. Water, 17(22), 3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223242

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