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Article

Micro-Nano Aeration Oxygenation Irrigation Has Increased Soil Nitrogen and Cotton Yield in Arid Areas

by
Jiayue Wang
1,2,3,†,
Qiqi Chai
1,2,3,†,
Ze Wang
1,2,*,
Yanbo Fu
1,3,*,
Zhiguo Wang
3,
Qingyong Bian
3,
Junhui Cheng
1,2,
Yupeng Zhao
1,2,3,
Jinquan Zhu
3 and
Yanhong Wei
3
1
College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2
Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Ecological Processes, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
3
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Water 2025, 17(18), 2778; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182778
Submission received: 25 August 2025 / Revised: 9 September 2025 / Accepted: 18 September 2025 / Published: 19 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Biochar Additions on Soil Hydraulic Properties)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

To explore the effects of micro-nano aeration and oxygenation irrigation on soil characteristics and cotton growth in cotton fields in arid areas, this study was conducted at the National Soil Quality Aksu Observation and Experiment Station in Baicheng County, Xinjiang. “Xinluzao 78” cotton was used as the experimental material, and the soil column cultivation method was adopted. Four nitrogen concentration gradients (N0: 0 kg·hm−2, NL: 112.5 kg·hm−2, NM: 225 kg·hm−2, and NH: 337.5 kg·hm−2) and two irrigation methods (micro-nano aeration and oxygenation irrigation Y: DO15 mg/L, conventional irrigation C: DO7.6 mg/L) were set up to systematically analyze the total nitrogen content of the soil, enzyme activity, microbial community structure, and the response characteristics of cotton growth and yield. The results show that aeration treatment significantly increases the total nitrogen content in the soil. The total nitrogen content in the 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil layers treated with YNM (aeration + local conventional nitrogen application rate) increased by 9.14% and 8.53%, respectively, compared with CNM. YNM treatment significantly increased the activities of soil urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase, among which total nitrogen had the strongest correlation with the activity of β-glucosidase. Oxygenation significantly increased the richness of soil microorganisms. The Chao1 index of YNM-treated bacteria was 75.7% higher than that of CNM-treated bacteria. YNM treatment increased cotton yield by 26.73% compared with CNM treatment. Moreover, the number of bells formed per plant and the weight of the bells increased by 44.44% and 29.6%, respectively. In conclusion, micro-nano aeration and oxygenation irrigation effectively increase cotton yield. By optimizing the activities of soil enzymes and microorganisms, micro-nano aeration and oxygenation irrigation enhance the ability of cotton to utilize and transform nitrogen, and alleviate the impact of insufficient nitrogen utilization by cotton in arid areas.

1. Introduction

Global agriculture is confronted with the dual challenges of water shortage and sustainable production. The research and application of efficient water-saving irrigation technologies have become key to ensuring food security. In the arid areas of Xinjiang, traditional irrigation methods often lead to root hypoxia due to low water use efficiency and insufficient soil aeration, which limit nutrient absorption and crop growth. To increase cotton production, it is urgently necessary to take measures to solve the problem of water resource utilization during the growth of cotton and to enhance its adaptability to adverse conditions.
In recent years, experiments with this technology in crops such as cucumbers and tomatoes have shown that aeration treatment can promote root development and nutrient transformation by optimizing soil oxygen supply [1,2], but its regulatory mechanism in the cotton soil system in arid and semi-arid regions is still unclear. The micro-nano aeration oxygenation irrigation technology breaks air into micro-nano bubbles through physical methods, significantly increasing the dissolved oxygen content in irrigation water [3,4]. It has a positive effect on the soil aeration of cotton fields and the growth of cotton roots.
The regulatory effect of oxygenated irrigation on the soil environment has become a research hotspot. In terms of soil aeration and nutrient availability, studies have shown that micro-nano bubbles can enhance the activity of aerobic microorganisms by prolonging the retention time of oxygen in the soil [5], accelerating the decomposition of organic matter, and promoting the mineralization process of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus [6]. For instance, research on tomatoes [7] found that oxygenated irrigation significantly increased the available nitrogen content in the root zone soil and improved the soil aggregate structure. Soil enzymes, as sensitive indicators of biological activity, their dynamic changes can reflect the responses of soil functions. Key enzymes such as urease and catalase are involved in nitrogen conversion and redox balance. Aeration treatment can improve soil nitrogen utilization rate by activating the ability of microorganisms to secrete enzymes [8,9]. In addition, the response of soil microbial communities to oxygen content is specific: aerobic bacteria become more active in a high-oxygen environment [10], and this change is directly related to the carbon–nitrogen cycle [11]. Existing studies have shown that micro-nano aeration and oxygenation irrigation have positive effects on soil aeration and root growth of cucumbers and tomatoes [1,2]. However, research on the effects of micro-nano aeration and oxygenation irrigation on cotton growth and soil nitrogen utilization is relatively limited.
In this study, cotton was used as the test crop. Through field comparative experiments, the effects of micro-nano aeration and oxygenation irrigation on soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, and microbial community structure were systematically explored, and the intrinsic relationship between them and cotton growth and yield was clarified. The core scientific issues include: (1) To study the effects of oxygenated irrigation on total nitrogen and enzyme activity in cotton field soil, aiming to clarify the relationship between oxygenated irrigation, soil enzyme activity, and nitrogen. (2) Through research on soil microorganisms, determine whether changes in the activity of soil microbial communities under oxygenated irrigation conditions are the core factors driving the improvement of soil functions. (3) Through the research on cotton yield and the physical and chemical properties of soil, explore whether the synergistic effect of oxygenated irrigation on the soil–crop system can stably enhance cotton productivity. The results of this study will provide a new perspective for revealing the mechanism by which oxygenated irrigation improves soil health and offer practical guidance for the application of water-saving and efficiency-increasing technologies for cotton in arid areas.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Design and Materials

2.1.1. Overview of the Experimental Zone

The experiment was conducted in 2024 at the National Soil Quality Aksu Observation and Experiment Station (81°91′ E, 41°80′ N) in Baicheng County, Xinjiang. The soil type was brown desert soil, with a sandy loam texture and medium fertility. This area has a temperate continental arid climate. The average annual temperature is 7.6 °C, the extreme maximum temperature is 38.3 °C, the extreme minimum temperature is −28 °C, the frost-free period is 133 to 163 days, the average annual sunshine duration is 2789.7 h, and the average annual precipitation is 171.13 mm.

2.1.2. Test Materials

The micro-nano aeration device uses the B&W micro-nano bubble generating device (Beijing, China), with a working pressure of 0.015 MPa and an intake flow rate of 1.5 L·min−1. The oxygen supply device is a Yuyue (YU300 type) oxygen generator produced by Jiangsu Yuyue Medical Equipment Co., Ltd. (Zhenjiang, China). The tested fertilizer was 15 N urea with an abundance of 10.24%, purchased from the Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry (Shanghai, China). Superphosphate (P2O5 ≥ 45%) and potassium sulfate (K2O ≥ 50%) were produced by Sinochem Crop Nutrition Co., Ltd. (Linyi, China). The tested variety was “Xinlu Zao 78”. The soil was collected from the National Soil Quality Aksu Observation and Experiment Station and had not been fertilized for five consecutive years (Figure 1A). The soil texture is silt (sandy) loam. Its basic physicochemical properties are shown in Table 1.

2.1.3. Experimental Design

The soil column cultivation method was adopted. PVC pipes with an inner diameter of 25 cm and a height of 100 cm were buried in the soil. The upper opening was 5 cm higher than the ground, and the lower opening was not sealed, directly contacting the natural soil to simulate the natural cultivation state in the field. Each soil column was filled with 50 kg of dry soil, divided into two portions (Figure 1B). The soil column was filled with 20 to 90 cm of bottom soil from the field and 0 to 30 cm of plough layer soil from the field, mixed well with the fertilizer, and filled. After each filling, water was added and compacted, with a total of 48 soil columns.
The experiment adopted a completely random experimental design, with four concentration gradients: N0 (0 kg·hm−2), NL (112.5 kg·hm−2), NM (225 kg·hm−2), and NH (337.5 kg·hm−2) (NM is the local conventional nitrogen application rate). The oxygenated irrigation design did not increase oxygen and included two treatments: C (EC: 1136 μS/cm, pH: 7.9, DO: 7.6 mg/L) and Y (EC: 980 μS/cm, pH: 7.4, DO: 15 mg/L). There were a total of eight treatments, repeated six times (Figure 2).

2.1.4. Data Statistical Analysis

Data were processed using Excel 2016. One-way analysis of variance was performed using SPSS 27. Microbial α-diversity was calculated using the Mothur v1.48.0 software. Figures were drawn using Origin 2024 Free Student Edition software.

2.2. Measurement Indicators and Methods

2.2.1. Soil Enzyme Activity and Total Nitrogen Content

The total nitrogen in the soil was determined by the Kjeldahl method. Soil urease was determined by the sodium phenol–sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method. Soil sucrase was determined by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method. Soil β-glucosidase was determined by the pNPG method.

2.2.2. PCR Amplification and High-Throughput Sequencing

The 16s rRNA and ITS genes were amplified and sequenced according to the method in reference [12]. The fungal sequencing region was ITS1, which was amplified by PCR using the primers ITS1 (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′)/ITS2 (5′-TGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC)3′). The V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the common primers 338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′) and 806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′). The product was introduced using the NEB Next Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit (New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, MA, USA), followed by library construction and sequencing on the Illumina Miseq/Nextseq 2000/Novaseq 6000 (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) platform.

2.2.3. Cotton Growth and Yield Indicators

For the six cotton plants in each treatment, the plant height, stem diameter, and relative chlorophyll content were measured. Destructive samples were taken at the maturity stage to determine the cotton yield and biomass.
  • Plant height and stem diameter: During the seedling stage, bud stage, flower stalk stage, and mature stage of the cotton, measure the highest point from the base to the top of the six cotton plants in each treatment with a tape measure to obtain the plant height data. The stem thickness was obtained by measuring the base of the cotton with a vernier caliper at the same time.
  • Relative chlorophyll content: Use the chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 to measure the SPAD of four fallen leaves of cotton. Read each leaf three times and take the average as the SPAD value of the plant’s leaves.
  • Dry matter accumulation: Take six cotton plants from each treatment at each stage of maturity, blanch them in a 105 °C oven for 30 min, then dry them at 75 °C until a constant weight is achieved. After cooling, weigh them and record the dry matter accumulation.
  • Determination of cotton yield: During the boll-opening period, take the number of bolls from each treatment, collect the bolls, dry them, and calculate the boll weight. Then, the formula for calculating seed cotton yield is as follows: seed cotton yield (kg·hm−2) × number of bolls per plant (pieces) × weight of bolls per plant (g).

3. Research Results

3.1. The Influence of Micro-Nano Aeration Oxygenation Irrigation on Total Nitrogen in Soil

This study investigated the effects of micro-nano aeration oxygenation irrigation (Y) and conventional water irrigation (C) on the total nitrogen content in cotton field soil (Figure 3). The results show that under the same nitrogen concentration, the total nitrogen content of treatment Y is significantly higher than that of treatment C. The total nitrogen content of irrigation water in groups C and Y showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen concentration, reaching the maximum value under NM treatment. Treatment Y significantly increased the total nitrogen content of the soil (p < 0.05), which was significantly increased by 4.87–9.17% compared with treatment C. Moreover, the total nitrogen content of each treatment decreased in the high-nitrogen NH treatment, proving that there is a threshold for the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer in the soil. The Y treatment had the most significant effect on increasing total nitrogen in the soil under NM concentration conditions. Micro-nano aeration oxygenation irrigation accelerates organic mineralization and the synthesis of nitrate nitrogen by mobilizing the activities of nitrifying, ammonifying, and other bacteria in the soil, especially when the nitrogen supply is moderate, the effect is the best. Micro-nano aeration and oxygenation drip irrigation improves the aeration of the root system, promotes the growth of cotton roots, enhances their absorption and utilization of nitrogen, and indirectly reduces the leaching loss of soil nitrogen. However, excessive nitrogen (NH) may cause an increase in soil EC value due to excessive nitrogen, which inhibits the vitality of the root system and leads to a decrease in the total nitrogen content in the soil.

3.2. The Response of Soil Enzyme Activity to Micro-Nano Aeration and Oxygenation Irrigation

This study analyzed the dynamic changes in soil urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase activities under micro-nano aeration oxygenation irrigation Y and conventional water C conditions (Figure 4). The results showed that the enzyme activities first increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen concentration. Compared with C, the effects of Y treatment on the activities of different soil enzymes were significantly different (p < 0.05). Under the same nitrogen concentration, the activity of soil sucrase increased the most in the NM treatment. Under the Y condition, compared with the C treatment, the activities of soil sucrase and urease increased by 25.39%, 16.73%, and 152.57%, respectively. Soil enzyme activity was significantly associated with oxygenated irrigation and nitrogen concentration (p < 0.001). Further correlation analysis between total soil nitrogen content and soil enzyme activity showed that total soil nitrogen was significantly correlated with soil enzyme activity, among which the relationship with β-glucosidase was the closest. This indicates that the activities of the three soil enzymes in this study have a positive effect on soil nitrogen fixation efficiency and nutrient utilization.

3.3. The Changes in Soil Microbial Activity

The top 10 species in abundance were selected for analysis, and the rest were classified as “Others”. In soil samples at the gate level, Alphaproteobacteria had a relatively high abundance among bacteria. The relative abundance of Sordariomycete in fungi was relatively high in each treatment (Figure 5). The results indicated that at the gate level, the microbial abundance of C and Y gradually increased with the nitrogen concentration, reaching the maximum value at NM, while NH slightly decreased. This indicates that under oxygenation conditions, an appropriate nitrogen concentration can effectively enhance the richness and index of microorganisms. By analyzing the bacterial richness index (Table 2), the results indicated that the richness index of the oxygenated treatment was higher than that of the conventional treatment. With the increase in nitrogen concentration, the richness indices of both the conventional and oxygenated treatments increased. The oxygenated and nitrogen-applied treatments (YNL, YNM, YNH) were significantly higher than those of the non-oxygenated and non-nitrogen-applied treatment (YN0). The YNM treatment had the highest richness index. The YNM bacterial Chao1 index was 22.1%, 19.3%, 7.83%, and 11.4% higher than that of CN0, CNL, CNM, and CNH, respectively. Based on the observed features, YNM was 94.0%, 81.1%, 77.2%, and 65.4% higher than CN0, CNL, CNM, and CNH, respectively. The results showed that the bacterial richness index increased significantly under the conditions of oxygenation and nitrogen application, and the effect of WPM was the most obvious.

3.4. The Response of Soil Environment Improvement to Cotton Growth and Yield

This study tracked and monitored the plant height, stem diameter, and relative chlorophyll content of cotton at each growth stage (Figure 6). Overall, the plant height, stem diameter, and relative chlorophyll content of cotton showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing throughout the growth period. The growth rate of cotton plant height was greatest during the flowering and boll stage. Under oxygenation conditions, the plant height of cotton at NM concentration was 124.83 cm, which was 12.36% higher than that at CNM. The variation range of cotton stem thickness and relative chlorophyll was greatest during the cotton maturity period, and both reached the maximum value in YNM. As can be seen from Table 3, there are significant differences in the single boll weight, yield, and fabric fraction of cotton among the treatments (p < 0.05), and the boll number varied significantly among the NM, NH, and other treatments (p < 0.05). The various yield factors of cotton showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen concentration, reaching the maximum value at NM. Under the same nitrogen concentration conditions, the output of YNM was 108.48%, 54.18%, 26.73%, and 47.71% higher than that of the C treatment at each nitrogen concentration (N0, NL, NM, NH), respectively. The results indicate that oxygenated irrigation has a positive impact on increasing cotton yield.

3.5. Correlation Analysis of Microorganisms with Cotton Yield and Soil Properties Under Micro-Nano Aeration Oxygenation Irrigation Conditions

To further explore the relationship between microbial abundance and yield as well as soil-related indicators, correlation analysis was utilized to analyze each indicator (Figure 7). Regarding the correlation between yield and constituent indicators, yield was significantly positively correlated with the number of bolls, the weight of a single boll, and the fabric fraction. This indicates that good growth conditions of cotton are an important factor in increasing cotton yield. From the correlation analysis between the species richness of bacteria and fungi and the factors of cotton yield, the abundance of bacteria significantly affected the cotton yield (p < 0.01), and the abundance of fungi also significantly affected the cotton yield (p < 0.01), indicating that a good microbial environment plays a positive role in cotton yield. It is worth noting that the abundance of bacteria was negatively correlated with the fabric fraction of cotton (p > 0.05), and at the same time, the abundance of fungi was negatively correlated with the number of cotton bolls (p > 0.05), indicating that in this study, fabric fraction and bacterial abundance, as well as the fungi and the number of bolls, were independent. It can be seen from this that the abundance of microorganisms significantly affects the yield and composition of cotton. From the analysis of the correlation between bacterial and fungal abundance and soil-related properties, it can be seen that bacterial abundance significantly affects total soil nitrogen, soil urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase (p < 0.01), while fungal abundance was significantly correlated with total soil nitrogen, soil urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase. The heat map section indicates that cotton yield and its constituent factors complement each other, influence each other, and promote each other. The network diagram section indicates that the abundance of microorganisms has a strong correlation with cotton yield and soil-related properties, and these changing trends are close. Therefore, a good abundance of microbial communities is an important factor in promoting cotton yield.

4. Discussion

4.1. The Regulatory Mechanism of Micro-Nano Aeration and Oxygenation Irrigation on Soil Nitrogen and Enzyme Activity

Previous studies have shown that oxygenated irrigation increases the oxygen content in the soil, promotes the activity of aerobic microorganisms, accelerates the mineralization of organic nitrogen, and the generation of nitrate nitrogen [13,14]. The high-oxygen environment directly accelerates the microbial transformation pathway of nitrogen [15,16,17,18], enhances the activity of aerobic ammonifying bacteria, and promotes the hydrolysis of organic nitrogen into ammonium nitrogen. The metabolic rate of nitrifying bacteria increases, promoting the oxidation of NH4+ to nitrate nitrogen. Studies have found that oxygenation enhances enzyme activity by activating the ability of microorganisms to secrete enzymes [19,20]. In this study, compared with conventional water irrigation (C), micro-nano aeration oxygenation irrigation (Y) significantly increased the total nitrogen content in the soil, which is consistent with the results of previous studies [13,14,15,16,17,18]. In addition, the total nitrogen content in the soil under YNH treatment was significantly higher than that under CNH treatment, which slightly deviated from the threshold of soil nitrogen utilization proposed by Tang et al. [21]. This might be due to the fact that aeration alleviates the inhibitory effect of excessive nitrogen by optimizing the microbial community structure [22,23]. Oxygenation treatment significantly enhanced the activities of urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase. The activity of urease was 16.73% higher under YNM conditions than that under CNM. Li et al. found that urease acts as the rate-limiting enzyme of the nitrogen cycle [24], which might be due to the improved oxygen supply in the soil providing sufficient electron acceptors for microorganisms and promoting the gene expression of urease synthesis [25,26]. Therefore, we believe that under oxygenated irrigation conditions, it is conducive to the absorption and utilization of soil nitrogen by cotton, providing favorable, mutually beneficial conditions for soil nitrogen and enzymes. This can be proved by the strong correlation between total soil nitrogen and β-glucosidase activity (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.01).

4.2. The Driving Factors and Ecological Functions of Soil Microbial Activity

Improved oxygen supply can provide a suitable microenvironment for aerobic microorganisms [27], and enhanced microbial diversity directly promotes nitrogen decomposition and nutrient cycling [28,29]. In this study, bacterial abundance was significantly positively correlated with soil urease activity (p < 0.01), demonstrating that oxygenation (Y) treatment affects the nitrogen conversion process through enzymatic reactions and provides available nitrogen sources for crops [30]. In the YNM treatment, bacterial abundance was significantly positively correlated with total soil nitrogen and cotton yield (p < 0.01), while fungal abundance was closely associated with β-glucosidase activity. Studies have shown that the Alphaproteobacteria are a key executord of organic matter decomposition [31,32]. In this study, the relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria in aeration treatment increased by 18.3% compared with conventional treatment, which is similar to the results of previous studies. It is worth noting that due to the competition between bacteria and fungi [33], bacterial metabolites may inhibit the mycelial extension of some fungi, thereby altering the community structure [30]. In this study, under oxygenation treatment, the fungal community structure showed an increase in total quantity but also functional group differentiation, and the relative abundance of Sordariomycetes in YNM decreased. However, the abundance of other bacterial communities increased, which might be due to the fact that aerobic treatment activated the aerobic bacterial communities in the fungi. Studies have shown that bacteria dominate the rapid mineralization of available nutrients [28], while fungi promote the long-distance transport of carbon and nitrogen and the decomposition of complex organic matter through their mycelial networks [34]. Therefore, we believe that the synergistic effect of bacteria and fungi jointly maintains the functions of the soil ecosystem, and the two promote the ecological process of nitrogen decomposition—nutrient release—crop absorption through functional complementarity.

4.3. Soil-Crop Synergy Effect

Oxygen-enriched irrigation increases the oxygen content in the soil, improves soil aeration, and enhances the efficiency of nitrogen utilization [35,36]. It has potential application value in alleviating nitrogen leaching loss [37] and optimizing resource utilization efficiency [38]. Meanwhile, the accelerated nutrient cycling of microorganisms mediated by oxygen-enriched irrigation provides a continuous supply of nutrients for cotton [39]. It is worth noting that under conventional water irrigation conditions, the yield of high-nitrogen (NH) treatment decreased, while oxygenation treatment could still maintain a relatively high yield under high-nitrogen (NH) conditions, thereby confirming the superiority of oxygenation irrigation. In this study, under the same nitrogen concentration (NM) conditions, the various indicators of the cotton yield factor under oxygenation treatment significantly increased compared with the conventional treatment. Compared with conventional water, oxygenated irrigation increased the SPAD value of cotton, which is consistent with the results mentioned by predecessors that oxygenation promotes the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth by improving nitrogen absorption and photosynthetic efficiency [40].
In this study, we also verified the nitrogen threshold effect. Under high-nitrogen (NH) conditions, oxygenation treatment could still maintain a relatively high yield, while the CNH yield decreased significantly. This is slightly different from previous studies [22,23], demonstrating that oxygenated irrigation can optimize nutrient utilization efficiency and enhance the nitrogen utilization efficiency of crops.

5. Conclusions

Under the conditions of micro-nano aeration and oxygenation, the transformation and utilization of soil nitrogen were promoted, effectively alleviating the adverse effects of nitrogen loss in the soil on cotton growth, including plant height, stem thickness, SPAD values, and yield. Micro-nano aeration and oxygenation irrigation significantly enhance the activities of urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase in the soil, thereby promoting the nitrogen utilization efficiency of cotton. In addition, micro-nano aeration and oxygenation also have a positive effect on the activity of soil microorganisms.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.W.; methodology, Q.B.; resources, Z.W. (Ze Wang); supervision, Z.W. (Ze Wang) and Y.F.; validation, J.C. and Y.Z.; visualization, J.Z. and Y.W.; writing—original draft, J.W. and Q.C.; writing—review and editing, Z.W. (Zhiguo Wang) and Y.F.; data curation, Q.B.; formal analysis, J.W.; and software, J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Scientific Research Start-up Funds for Openly Recruited. This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFD1901503), Key Research and Development Project of Xinjiang (Grant No. 2023A02002-2), National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Project (Grant No. 32260066, 32260448), and Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Grant No. 2022D01D45).

Data Availability Statement

The data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Water 17 02778 g001
Figure 1. (A) represents the schematic diagram of the study area, and (B) represents the schematic diagram of the soil column.
Figure 1. (A) represents the schematic diagram of the study area, and (B) represents the schematic diagram of the soil column.
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Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the test.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the test.
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Figure 3. (A,B) show the differences in total nitrogen content in the 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil layers between different treatments, respectively. Note: Through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s post hoc test, the mean values of different treatments for the same cotton variety, indicated by different lowercase letters, showed significant differences at the probability level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) obtained from three repeated calculations. Through post hoc LSD analysis of variance (Least Significant Difference, LSD), W represents the irrigation method, N represents the nitrogen level, W × N represents the interaction between irrigation and nitrogen level, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001.
Figure 3. (A,B) show the differences in total nitrogen content in the 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil layers between different treatments, respectively. Note: Through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s post hoc test, the mean values of different treatments for the same cotton variety, indicated by different lowercase letters, showed significant differences at the probability level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) obtained from three repeated calculations. Through post hoc LSD analysis of variance (Least Significant Difference, LSD), W represents the irrigation method, N represents the nitrogen level, W × N represents the interaction between irrigation and nitrogen level, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001.
Water 17 02778 g003
Water 17 02778 g004
Figure 4. (A–D) show the differences in the activities of soil urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase among different treatments, respectively. (D) shows the correlation between total soil nitrogen content and the activities of soil urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase. Note: Through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s post hoc test, the mean values of different treatments for the same cotton variety, indicated by different lowercase letters, showed significant differences at the probability level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) obtained from three repeated calculations. Through post hoc LSD analysis of variance (Least Significant Difference, LSD), W represents the irrigation method, N represents the nitrogen level, W × N represents the interaction between irrigation and nitrogen level, *** indicates p < 0.001, and NS indicates p > 0.05. (D) uses the Pearson correlation analysis method. Colors ranging from red to blue indicate significant correlations at the 0.001 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
Figure 4. (A–D) show the differences in the activities of soil urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase among different treatments, respectively. (D) shows the correlation between total soil nitrogen content and the activities of soil urease, sucrase, and β-glucosidase. Note: Through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s post hoc test, the mean values of different treatments for the same cotton variety, indicated by different lowercase letters, showed significant differences at the probability level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) obtained from three repeated calculations. Through post hoc LSD analysis of variance (Least Significant Difference, LSD), W represents the irrigation method, N represents the nitrogen level, W × N represents the interaction between irrigation and nitrogen level, *** indicates p < 0.001, and NS indicates p > 0.05. (D) uses the Pearson correlation analysis method. Colors ranging from red to blue indicate significant correlations at the 0.001 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
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Figure 5. (A,B) show the differences in the species richness of bacteria and fungi in the soil, respectively.
Figure 5. (A,B) show the differences in the species richness of bacteria and fungi in the soil, respectively.
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Figure 6. (A–C) show the differences in plant height, stem thickness, and SPAD values of cotton, respectively.
Figure 6. (A–C) show the differences in plant height, stem thickness, and SPAD values of cotton, respectively.
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Figure 7. The correlation between the richness index of bacteria and fungi and factors such as total soil nitrogen, enzyme activity, and cotton yield. **, *** represent correlations at 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
Figure 7. The correlation between the richness index of bacteria and fungi and factors such as total soil nitrogen, enzyme activity, and cotton yield. **, *** represent correlations at 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
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Table 1. Physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil.
Table 1. Physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil.
pHWater-Soluble Salt (g/kg)Hydrolyzed Nitrogen (mg/kg)Available Phosphorus (mg/kg)Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/kg)Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/kg)Total Nitrogen (g/kg)Organic Matter (g/kg)
8.120.936.322.540927.20.6110.03
Table 2. The differences in soil bacterial species diversity under different treatments.
Table 2. The differences in soil bacterial species diversity under different treatments.
NameChao1Observed FeaturesPielouShannonSimpson
N0C1709 ± 221.82 d1607 ± 136.45 e0.838 ± 0.07 b8.921 ± 0.36 c0.987 ± 0.00010 a
Y1767 ± 158.36 d1729 ± 189.24 d0.899 ± 0.05 ab9.629 ± 0.67 b0.997 ± 0.00081 a
NLC1797 ± 149.63 d1722 ± 165.25 d0.885 ± 0.03 b9.673 ± 0.77 b0.998 ± 0.00006 a
Y2080 ± 225.45 b1998 ± 188.45 c0.895 ± 0.04 ab9.865 ± 0.63 b0.998 ± 0.00013 a
NMC1950 ± 188.65 c1760 ± 168.58 d0.897 ± 0.03 ab9.675 ± 0.45 b0.998 ± 0.00010 a
Y3426 ± 296.25 a3118 ± 277.48 a0.9 ± 0.07 a10.432 ± 0.87 a0.998 ± 0.00021 a
NHC1817 ± 145.25 cd1885 ± 166.75 c0.893 ± 0.06 ab9.631 ± 0.96 b0.997 ± 0.00008 a
Y2247 ± 200.24 b2107 ± 212.78 b0.9 ± 0.04 a9.859 ± 0.74 b0.998 ± 0.00031 a
Note: Through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s post hoc test, the mean values of different treatments for the same cotton variety, indicated by different lowercase letters, showed significant differences at the probability level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) obtained from three repeated calculations.
Table 3. The differences between cotton yield and its constituent factors.
Table 3. The differences between cotton yield and its constituent factors.
FactorNumber of BellsSingle Bell WeightYieldGinning Outturn
Manage
N0C3.1667 ± 0.21 d2.6383 ± 0.21 f3224.6783 ± 288.42 h31.1683 ± 2.58 f
Y3.3333 ± 0.11 d3.515 ± 0.22 e3691.53 ± 267.86 g32.14 ± 3.65 e
NLC3.3333 ± 0.36 d3.6233 ± 0.31 de4360.4383 ± 365.78 f33.7733 ± 3.45 d
Y4.3333 ± 0.37 c4.345 ± 0.38 c5031.6033 ± 356.26 d34.7233 ± 4.25 c
NMC4.5 ± 0.26 c4.2733 ± 0.33 c5304.795 ± 456.12 c35.2067 ± 3.26 bc
Y6.5 ± 0.49 a5.5367 ± 0.47 a6722.8717 ± 557.45 a36.6167 ± 2.89 a
NHC4.1667 ± 0.41 c3.8583 ± 0.46 d4551.325 ± 489.68 e33.8433 ± 3.33 d
Y5.3333 ± 0.43 b4.81 ± 0.40 b5584.4133 ± 447.25 b35.395 ± 2.78 b
Note: Through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s post hoc test, the mean values of different treatments for the same cotton variety, indicated by different lowercase letters, showed significant differences at the probability level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) obtained from three repeated calculations.
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Wang, J.; Chai, Q.; Wang, Z.; Fu, Y.; Wang, Z.; Bian, Q.; Cheng, J.; Zhao, Y.; Zhu, J.; Wei, Y. Micro-Nano Aeration Oxygenation Irrigation Has Increased Soil Nitrogen and Cotton Yield in Arid Areas. Water 2025, 17, 2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182778

AMA Style

Wang J, Chai Q, Wang Z, Fu Y, Wang Z, Bian Q, Cheng J, Zhao Y, Zhu J, Wei Y. Micro-Nano Aeration Oxygenation Irrigation Has Increased Soil Nitrogen and Cotton Yield in Arid Areas. Water. 2025; 17(18):2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182778

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Jiayue, Qiqi Chai, Ze Wang, Yanbo Fu, Zhiguo Wang, Qingyong Bian, Junhui Cheng, Yupeng Zhao, Jinquan Zhu, and Yanhong Wei. 2025. "Micro-Nano Aeration Oxygenation Irrigation Has Increased Soil Nitrogen and Cotton Yield in Arid Areas" Water 17, no. 18: 2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182778

APA Style

Wang, J., Chai, Q., Wang, Z., Fu, Y., Wang, Z., Bian, Q., Cheng, J., Zhao, Y., Zhu, J., & Wei, Y. (2025). Micro-Nano Aeration Oxygenation Irrigation Has Increased Soil Nitrogen and Cotton Yield in Arid Areas. Water, 17(18), 2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182778

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