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Volume 17
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10.3390/w17121803
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Article

Study on the Characteristics of TPH in Groundwater and Its Biodegradation Mechanism in Typical Petrochemical Enterprises in Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing

by
Qi Li
1,†,
Bing Xia
2,†,
Wenbing Ji
1,*,
Yufeng Xie
1,*,
Xiaoyu Zhang
1,
Lingya Kong
1,
Caiyi Zhao
1,
Aijing Yin
1,
Yanhong Feng
1,
Yuanyuan Lu
1,
Xiaopeng Zhao
1,
Tianning Li
1,
Zhewei Hu
1 and
Ruoyu Hu
1
1
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
2
Anhui Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Science Research, Hefei 230061, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Water 2025, 17(12), 1803; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121803
Submission received: 10 April 2025 / Revised: 6 June 2025 / Accepted: 12 June 2025 / Published: 16 June 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Through sampling and analysis of 20 groundwater monitoring wells from nine oil storage enterprises in the Jiangbei New District of Nanjing, the pollution characteristics and chemical spatial distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the groundwater of the study area were revealed. TPH was detected in all 20 groundwater samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.26 to 90.24 mg/L. A factor analysis identified two principal factors, F1 and F2, representing the biodegradation processes of iron–manganese reduction and sulfate reduction, respectively. A correlation analysis showed that TPH was significantly positively correlated with total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, Fe, Mn2+, and oxygen consumption, but its correlation with sulfides and SO42− was not significant. A further multiple regression analysis indicated that the relative contribution rates of electron acceptors followed the order of iron reduction (90.62%) > manganese reduction (9.35%) > sulfate reduction (0.032%), suggesting that TPH biodegradation is primarily dominated by iron–manganese reduction. Additionally, the study found that microbial growth was more robust in freshwater environments, facilitating TPH degradation, whereas saline environments inhibited microbial activity, thereby hindering TPH degradation.
Keywords: petroleum hydrocarbons; biodegradation; groundwater chemical composition; iron–manganese reduction; sulfate reduction petroleum hydrocarbons; biodegradation; groundwater chemical composition; iron–manganese reduction; sulfate reduction

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Li, Q.; Xia, B.; Ji, W.; Xie, Y.; Zhang, X.; Kong, L.; Zhao, C.; Yin, A.; Feng, Y.; Lu, Y.; et al. Study on the Characteristics of TPH in Groundwater and Its Biodegradation Mechanism in Typical Petrochemical Enterprises in Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing. Water 2025, 17, 1803. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121803

AMA Style

Li Q, Xia B, Ji W, Xie Y, Zhang X, Kong L, Zhao C, Yin A, Feng Y, Lu Y, et al. Study on the Characteristics of TPH in Groundwater and Its Biodegradation Mechanism in Typical Petrochemical Enterprises in Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing. Water. 2025; 17(12):1803. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121803

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Qi, Bing Xia, Wenbing Ji, Yufeng Xie, Xiaoyu Zhang, Lingya Kong, Caiyi Zhao, Aijing Yin, Yanhong Feng, Yuanyuan Lu, and et al. 2025. "Study on the Characteristics of TPH in Groundwater and Its Biodegradation Mechanism in Typical Petrochemical Enterprises in Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing" Water 17, no. 12: 1803. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121803

APA Style

Li, Q., Xia, B., Ji, W., Xie, Y., Zhang, X., Kong, L., Zhao, C., Yin, A., Feng, Y., Lu, Y., Zhao, X., Li, T., Hu, Z., & Hu, R. (2025). Study on the Characteristics of TPH in Groundwater and Its Biodegradation Mechanism in Typical Petrochemical Enterprises in Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing. Water, 17(12), 1803. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121803

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