Hydrochemical Evolution Process and Mechanism of Groundwater in the Hutuo River Alluvial Fan, North China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Research Method
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Groundwater Level Evolution
3.2. Distribution of Hydrochemical Characteristics
3.2.1. Temporal Distribution
3.2.2. Correlation Analysis between Groundwater Level and Hydrochemistry
3.2.3. Spatial Distribution
3.3. Sources of Hydrochemical Components
3.3.1. Dissolution
3.3.2. Ion Exchange
3.3.3. Ion Proportion Relation
3.4. Inverse Hydrogeochemical Simulation
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Groundwater Dynamic Field
4.2. Ion Sources and Hydrochemical Evolution
4.3. Human Activities
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The ion concentrations gradually increased along the groundwater flow path and displayed a pattern of lower levels in the northwest and higher levels in the southeast. The spatial distribution of major ion concentrations in 1980 indicated a diverse spread. In 2021, the spatial distribution of major ion concentrations indicated a more uniform distribution. From 1980 to 2021, the concentrations of major ions increased.
- (2)
- In 1980, the dominant cation in the groundwater was Ca2+, and the dominant anion was HCO3−, where the hydrochemical type was primarily the HCO3—Ca type. From 1980 to 2015, the concentrations of Cl− and SO42− increased, which rendered the hydrochemical type more complex and resulted in the formation of HCO3·Cl—Ca, HCO3—Ca·Mg, and HCO3·SO4—Ca types. Following artificial management, the groundwater level rose, which led to an increase in the concentrations of SO42− and Mg2+. The implementation of artificial governance in 2015 resulted in the emergence of HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg-type water. By 2021, this type of groundwater had become the predominant hydrochemical type.
- (3)
- The groundwater flowed from northwest to southeast. The western region was an area of rising groundwater levels, while the eastern region experienced declining groundwater levels. Changes in the groundwater level and ion concentrations were strongly quantitatively correlated and exhibited spatial similarity. The evolution of the groundwater chemical components was predominantly influenced by fluctuations in the groundwater levels.
- (4)
- In 1980s, the groundwater hydrochemical composition was primarily controlled by the dissolution of albite, dolomite, halite, and quartz; reverse cation exchange; and groundwater exploitation. Since 2015, the hydrochemical composition has been mainly influenced by the dissolution of albite, calcite, and quartz; positive cation exchange; river–groundwater mixing; and industrial activities, with an increasing intensity of both water–rock interactions and human activities.
- (5)
- The water–rock interactions predominantly involved cation exchange and the dissolution of silicate and carbonate rocks, while human activities were mainly influenced by industrial activities.
- (6)
- The hydrochemical evolution and formation mechanisms of the Hutuo River alluvial fan in 1980 and post-2015 were analyzed in this study. However, the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater between 1980 and 2015 was not analyzed. Future research could address this gap and extend the findings of this study to explore further aspects, such as the response mechanisms of groundwater chemical evolution. This study found that the concentrations of SO42- and Mg2+ in the groundwater increased following the artificial groundwater governance. This phenomenon was also observed in Hengshui City, Hebei Province, China, where similar governance practices were implemented [8]. Investigating the reasons for this occurrence will be a direction for future research.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Date | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Median | Coefficient of Variation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | 1980 | 77.00 | 176.00 | 110.36 | 107.00 | 0.23 |
2015 | 52.36 | 398.79 | 132.77 | 118.20 | 0.55 | |
2018 | 51.30 | 248.50 | 144.20 | 149.15 | 0.31 | |
2021 | 36.16 | 584.00 | 152.82 | 151.10 | 0.51 | |
Mg2+ | 1980 | 14.00 | 46.00 | 26.39 | 25.00 | 0.28 |
2015 | 7.33 | 102.22 | 35.70 | 33.30 | 0.57 | |
2018 | 8.75 | 59.30 | 36.29 | 35.61 | 0.35 | |
2021 | 10.01 | 192.00 | 41.13 | 40.02 | 0.27 | |
Na+ | 1980 | 9.00 | 67.00 | 26.15 | 25.00 | 0.50 |
2015 | 4.40 | 63.80 | 30.56 | 26.20 | 0.60 | |
2018 | 6.24 | 92.94 | 43.92 | 43.21 | 0.46 | |
2021 | 9.11 | 68.50 | 39.71 | 39.68 | 0.35 | |
Cl− | 1980 | 24.00 | 227.00 | 73.79 | 62.00 | 0.71 |
2015 | 8.44 | 212.53 | 94.84 | 80.23 | 0.65 | |
2018 | 7.09 | 292.13 | 91.03 | 89.15 | 0.59 | |
2021 | 11.20 | 246.00 | 86.84 | 80.94 | 0.67 | |
SO42− | 1980 | 42.00 | 156.00 | 85.33 | 83.00 | 0.33 |
2015 | 15.40 | 200.70 | 101.03 | 98.55 | 0.45 | |
2018 | 17.00 | 261.60 | 154.65 | 158.25 | 0.44 | |
2021 | 9.18 | 318.50 | 164.29 | 162.10 | 0.44 | |
HCO3− | 1980 | 198.00 | 471.00 | 293.94 | 300.00 | 0.18 |
2015 | 127.02 | 425.63 | 269.29 | 247.68 | 0.27 | |
2018 | 132.84 | 540.63 | 316.08 | 331.93 | 0.26 | |
2021 | 102.70 | 640.00 | 313.99 | 417.00 | 0.25 | |
NO3− | 1980 | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ |
2015 | 1.56 | 103.63 | 41.68 | 33.57 | 0.65 | |
2018 | 0.68 | 148.81 | 37.36 | 20.65 | 1.05 | |
2021 | 0.81 | 44.47 | 16.65 | 16.33 | 0.61 | |
TDSs | 1980 | 186.00 | 632.00 | 428.27 | 408.00 | 0.25 |
2015 | 233.38 | 1629.07 | 628.73 | 536.53 | 0.48 | |
2018 | 245.54 | 1255.12 | 718.75 | 727.23 | 0.31 | |
2021 | 161.00 | 1121.00 | 761.26 | 797.00 | 0.29 |
Mineral Phase | 1980 | 2021 |
---|---|---|
Simulation path | S84→S63 | S85→S96 |
Albite | +0.0007420 | +0.001706 |
Anorthite | \ | \ |
Calcite | −0.2318 | +1.105 |
Dolomite | +0.4754 | −0.1372 |
Gypsum | −0.2640 | −0.7201 |
Halite | +2.225 | −0.4434 |
Quartz | +0.07118 | +0.04011 |
CaX2 | +0.6152 | −0.7278 |
NaX | −1.230 | +1.456 |
CO2 (g) | +1.464 | +1.140 |
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Gai, J.; Yan, B.; Fan, C.; Tuo, Y.; Ma, M. Hydrochemical Evolution Process and Mechanism of Groundwater in the Hutuo River Alluvial Fan, North China. Water 2024, 16, 2229. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162229
Gai J, Yan B, Fan C, Tuo Y, Ma M. Hydrochemical Evolution Process and Mechanism of Groundwater in the Hutuo River Alluvial Fan, North China. Water. 2024; 16(16):2229. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162229
Chicago/Turabian StyleGai, Junbai, Baizhong Yan, Chengbo Fan, Yapeng Tuo, and Miaomiao Ma. 2024. "Hydrochemical Evolution Process and Mechanism of Groundwater in the Hutuo River Alluvial Fan, North China" Water 16, no. 16: 2229. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162229
APA StyleGai, J., Yan, B., Fan, C., Tuo, Y., & Ma, M. (2024). Hydrochemical Evolution Process and Mechanism of Groundwater in the Hutuo River Alluvial Fan, North China. Water, 16(16), 2229. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162229