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Volume 16
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10.3390/w16131869
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Article

Effective Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Water Using Low-Cost Porous Organic Polymers: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Reusability Studies

by
Saad Melhi
1,
Ayoub Abdullah Alqadami
2,*,
Eid H. Alosaimi
1,
Gehan M. Ibrahim
1,
Belal El-Gammal
1,
Mahmoud A. Bedair
1 and
Elsayed M. Elnaggar
1
1
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Science, University of Al-Razi, Sana’a 1152, Yemen
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2024, 16(13), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131869
Submission received: 4 June 2024 / Revised: 25 June 2024 / Accepted: 27 June 2024 / Published: 29 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
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Abstract

In this study, triphenylaniline-based porous organic polymers (TPA-POPs) were successfully prepared by the Friedel–Crafts reaction and applied to adsorb malachite green (MG) dye from water. The TPA-POP was characterized using TEM, SEM, FTIR, 13C (CP/MAS) NMR, BET surface area, and XRD analysis. The results exhibited that the TPA-POP has a high surface area (1625.14 m2/g) with pore volume (0.353 cm3/g) and pore radius (1.57 nm) that reflect the high quantity of MG adsorbed on the TPA-POP. The polymer was evaluated as an excellent adsorbent for MG adsorption from water using the batch method. MG dye removal was optimized as 99.60% (at pH: 6.0, adsorbent dosage (m): 0.01 g, temperature (T): 45 °C, and contact time (t): 300 min). The kinetic data follow the Elovich model, while the isotherm data fit the Langmuir model well with uptake capacity (755.72 mg/g) at T: 45 °C. According to thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The adsorption of MG on the TPA-POP occurred via different mechanisms (π–π interaction, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding). Reusability experiments exhibited that the TPA-POP still maintained high removal efficiency (82.12%) after five cycles. In conclusion, the TPA-POP is a promising adsorbent owing to its cost-effectiveness, high adsorption capacity, high surface area, excellent reusability, and efficient MG removal from aqueous media.
Keywords: porous organic polymers; malachite green; kinetic; isotherm; reusability studies porous organic polymers; malachite green; kinetic; isotherm; reusability studies

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MDPI and ACS Style

Melhi, S.; Alqadami, A.A.; Alosaimi, E.H.; Ibrahim, G.M.; El-Gammal, B.; Bedair, M.A.; Elnaggar, E.M. Effective Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Water Using Low-Cost Porous Organic Polymers: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Reusability Studies. Water 2024, 16, 1869. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131869

AMA Style

Melhi S, Alqadami AA, Alosaimi EH, Ibrahim GM, El-Gammal B, Bedair MA, Elnaggar EM. Effective Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Water Using Low-Cost Porous Organic Polymers: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Reusability Studies. Water. 2024; 16(13):1869. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131869

Chicago/Turabian Style

Melhi, Saad, Ayoub Abdullah Alqadami, Eid H. Alosaimi, Gehan M. Ibrahim, Belal El-Gammal, Mahmoud A. Bedair, and Elsayed M. Elnaggar. 2024. "Effective Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Water Using Low-Cost Porous Organic Polymers: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Reusability Studies" Water 16, no. 13: 1869. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131869

APA Style

Melhi, S., Alqadami, A. A., Alosaimi, E. H., Ibrahim, G. M., El-Gammal, B., Bedair, M. A., & Elnaggar, E. M. (2024). Effective Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Water Using Low-Cost Porous Organic Polymers: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Reusability Studies. Water, 16(13), 1869. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131869

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