Screening the Pollution-Tolerant Chlorococcum sp. (Chlorophyceae) Grown in Municipal Wastewater for Simultaneous Nutrient Removal and Biodiesel Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation and Growth Conditions of Chlorococcum sp.
2.2. Design of Nutrient Removal Experiment
2.3. Monitoring the Growth Rates of Chlorococcum sp.
2.4. Removal of Nutrients
2.5. Characterization of Fatty Acids
2.6. Characteristics of Biodiesel
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Growth Conditions
3.2. Biomass and Biochemical Composition
3.3. Removal of Nutrients
3.4. Fatty Acid Composition
3.5. Biodiesel Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Values |
---|---|
pH | 7.6 ± 0.07 |
TDS (mg L−1) | 520.30 ± 47 |
EC (µS cm−1) | 1106 ± 24.3 |
Temperature (°C) | 26 ± 0.28 |
NO3− (mg L−1) | 9.1 ± 1.24 |
NH4+ (mg L−1) | 0.87 ± 0.06 |
TP (mg L−1) | 1.39 ± 0.70 |
BOD (mg L−1) | 12.17 ± 1.40 |
COD (mg L−1) | 44.67 ± 3.20 |
Parameters | Control (BBM) | 25% WW | 50% WW | 75% WW | 100% WW |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
biomass (g L−1) | 1.84 ± 0.057 b | 0.92 ± 0.041 d | 1.97 ± 0.049 c | 1.39 ± 0.019 a | 1.46 ± 0.031 b |
biomass productivity (mg L−1 day−1) | 77.0± 1.99 b | 38.0± 2.0 d | 82.0 ± 0.987 c | 58.0 ± 2.99 a | 61.0 ± 2.99 b |
lipid content (mg L−1) | 520.6 ± 0.754 b | 223.3 ± 2.88 d | 600.0 ± 0.865 c | 413.3 ± 0.220 a | 450.7 ± 0.650 b |
lipid productivity (mg L−1 day−1) | 21.7 ± 0.130 a | 9.3 ± 0.868 d | 25.0 ± 0.125 c | 17.2 ± 0.158 b | 18.8 ± 0.065 ab |
lipid yield (% CDW) | 28.3 ± 0.760 a | 24.3 ± 2.88 b | 30.5 ± 0.871 b | 29.7 ± 0.224 a | 30.9 ± 0.650 a |
protein yield (% CDW) | 31.0 ± 0.112 a | 31.6 ± 0.782 b | 29.8 ± 0.653 b | 31.1 ± 1.47 a | 32.3 ± 1.29 a |
carbohydrate yield (% CDW) | 20.7 ± 0.568 a | 26.7 ± 1.35 b | 18.6 ± 0.389 b | 22.5 ± 0.401 b | 22.2 ± 0.376 a |
Parameters | Control (BBM) | 25% WW | 50% WW | 75% WW | 100% WW | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RR | RE% | RR | RE% | RR | RE% | RR | RE% | RR | RE% | |
NH4+ | 0.02 ± 0.0 | 90.9 ± 1.38 | 0.01 ± 0.0 | 72.88 ± 5.42 | 0.02 ± 0.0 | 98.38 ± 1.93 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 90.20 ± 1.0 | 0.04 ± 0.0 | 93.33 ± 2.78 |
NO3− | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 91.44 ± 1.11 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 80.42 ± 1.09 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 96.90 ± 1.72 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 90.74 ± 1.2 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 91.42 ± 1.19 |
TP | 0.05 ± 0.0 | 79.82 ± 1.51 | 0.01 ± 0.0 | 63.07 ± 1.48 | 0.03 ± 0.0 | 90.11 ± 1.27 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 82.23 ± 1.95 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | 83.70 ± 0.85 |
COD | 1.45 ± 0.12 | 89.94 ± 5.31 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 57.82 ± 7.57 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 91.73 ± 2.93 | 1.17 ± 0.07 | 80.19 ± 1.12 | 1.73 ± 0.04 | 88.90 ± 1.56 |
BOD | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 86.56 ± 1.38 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 52.41 ± 5.36 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 96.67 ± 3.09 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 81.55 ± 1.77 | 0.46 ± 0.05 | 87.04 ± 6.17 |
TDS | 4.12 ± 0.19 | 53.66 ± 3.12 | 2.17 ± 0.19 | 34.20 ± 3.05 | 8.55 ± 0.21 | 76.16 ± 2.94 | 8.65 ± 0.25 | 51.52 ± 1.3 | 13.33 ± 0.05 | 58.93 ± 0.59 |
EC | 7.13 ± 0.35 | 58.52 ± 2.84 | 3.94 ± 0.40 | 28.96 ± 3.95 | 14.75 ± 0.52 | 56.80 ± 1.62 | 14.08 ± 0.42 | 35.31 ± 0.91 | 19.63 ± 0.64 | 37.64 ± 1.05 |
Fatty Acids | Control (BBM) | 50% WW Treatment |
---|---|---|
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) | ||
Pentadecenoic acid (C15:0) | 0.42 ± 0.02 | − |
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 21.36 ± 1.8 | 27.38 ± 1.4 |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 0.56 ± 0.04 |
Behenic acid (C22:0) | 0.38 ± 0.01 | − |
Octacosanoic acid (C28:0) | 0.41 ± 0.01 | − |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) | ||
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) | − | 1.54 ± 0.1 |
Oleic acid (C18:1) | 36.75 ± 3.0 | 44.43 ± 3.7 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) | ||
Hexadecadienoic acid (C16:2) | 3.49 ± 0.7 | 2.92 ± 0.5 |
Linoleic acid (C18:2) | 23.45 ± 2.9 | 21.02 ± 2.4 |
Hexadecatrienoic acid (C16:3) | 4.93 ± 0.6 | − |
α-Linolenic acid (C18:3) | 0.98 ± 0.08 | − |
Hexadecatetraenoic acid (C16:4) | 4.85 ± 0.95 | 1.50 ± 0.08 |
Stearidonic acid (C18:4) | 2.06 ± 0.4 | 0.66 ± 0.06 |
SFAs | 23.50 | 27.94 |
MUFAs | 36.75 | 45.97 |
PUFAs | 39.75 | 26.09 |
Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Predicted Biodiesel Characteristics | Chlorococcum sp. | International Standards of Biodiesel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 50% WW | ASTM D6751-08 [45] | EN 14214:2012+A2:2019 [46] | |
Degree of unsaturation (DU) | 89.73 | 89.33 | – | – |
Saponification value (mg g−1) (SV) | 175.90 | 195.68 | – | – |
Iodine value (gI 100 g−1) (IV) | 85.78 | 81.99 | – | less 120 |
Cetane number (CN) | 58.03 | 55.74 | above 47 | minimum 51 |
Long-chain saturated factor (LCSF) | 3.17 | 3.02 | – | – |
Cold filter plugging point (°C) (CFPP) | −6.52 | −7.0 | −5 to −13 | 5 to −20 |
Cloud point (°C) (CP) | 6.24 | 9.41 | −3 to 12 | 4 |
Pour point (°C) (PP) | −0.04 | 3.39 | −15 to 10 | – |
Allylic position equivalent (APE) | 89.73 | 87.79 | – | – |
Bis-allylic position equivalent (BAPE) | 25.41 | 21.02 | – | – |
Oxidation stability (h) (OS) | 7.42 | 8.20 | 3 | 8 |
Higher heating value (HHV) | 34.04 | 37.69 | – | – |
Kinematic viscosity (mm2 s−1) (υi) | 3.13 | 3.59 | 1.9–6 | 3.5–5 |
Density (g cm−3) (ρ) | 0.76 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.86–0.90 |
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Morsi, H.H.; El-Sheekh, M.M.; Eladel, H.; Al-Tuwaijri, M.M.; El-Sabbagh, S.M.; Maher, A.; Saber, A.A. Screening the Pollution-Tolerant Chlorococcum sp. (Chlorophyceae) Grown in Municipal Wastewater for Simultaneous Nutrient Removal and Biodiesel Production. Water 2023, 15, 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091723
Morsi HH, El-Sheekh MM, Eladel H, Al-Tuwaijri MM, El-Sabbagh SM, Maher A, Saber AA. Screening the Pollution-Tolerant Chlorococcum sp. (Chlorophyceae) Grown in Municipal Wastewater for Simultaneous Nutrient Removal and Biodiesel Production. Water. 2023; 15(9):1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091723
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorsi, Hanaa H., Mostafa M. El-Sheekh, Hamed Eladel, Majdah M. Al-Tuwaijri, Sabha M. El-Sabbagh, Ayah Maher, and Abdullah A. Saber. 2023. "Screening the Pollution-Tolerant Chlorococcum sp. (Chlorophyceae) Grown in Municipal Wastewater for Simultaneous Nutrient Removal and Biodiesel Production" Water 15, no. 9: 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091723