Spatial Inequalities in Access to Safe Drinking Water in an Upper-Middle-Income Country: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Process Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) Method
2.2. Safe Drinking Water Access Index (SDWA)
2.3. Inequalities Index for Safe Drinking Water Access
3. Results
3.1. Process Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) Method
3.2. Safe Drinking Water Access Index (SDWA)
3.3. Inequalities Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AHP | Process Analytical Hierarchy |
Cwater | Safe Drinking Water Concentration Coefficient |
Dwater | Safe Drinking Water Dissimilarity Index |
GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
Gwater | Safe Drinking Water Gini Index |
IBGE | Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics |
JMP | Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene |
MDGs | Millennium Development Goals |
PLANSAB | National Plan of Basic Sanitation |
PNAD | National Household Sampling Survey |
R80/20 | Ratios between Upper and Lower Quintiles |
SDGs | Sustainable Development Goals |
SDWA | Safe Drinking Water Access Index |
SNIS | National Sanitation Information |
UF | Federal Units |
UNICEF | United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Region | UF |
---|---|
North | Acre (AC)/Amapá (AP)/Amazonas (AM)/Pará (PA)/Rondônia (RO)/Roraima (RR)/Tocantins (TO) |
Northeast | Alagoas (AL)/Bahia (BA)/Ceará (CE)/Maranhão (MA)/Paraíba (PB)/Pernambuco (PE)/Piauí (PI)/Rio Grande do Norte (RN)/Sergipe (SE) |
Southeast | Espírito Santo (ES)/Minas Gerais (MG)/Rio de Janeiro (RJ)/São Paulo (SP) |
South | Paraná (PR)/Rio Grande do Sul (RS)/Santa Catarina (SC) |
Central-West | Distrito Federal (DF)/Goiás (GO)/Mato Grosso (MT)/Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) |
Value Range | Inequality Class |
---|---|
<0.3 | Equality |
≥0.3 and <0.4 | Warning limit |
≥0.4 and <0.5 | Inequality |
≥0.5 | High inequality |
SDWA < 40% | 40% ≤ SDWA < 60% | 60% ≤ SDWA < 80% | SDWA ≥ 80% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gwater | Average | 0.51 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 0.07 |
Max | 0.79 | 0.57 | 0.38 | 0.19 | |
Min | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.00 | |
Cwater | Average | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.05 |
Max | 0.74 | 0.56 | 0.38 | 0.21 | |
Min | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
R80/20 | Average | 2.12 | 1.57 | 1.22 | 1.06 |
Max | 9.37 | 11.39 | 2.66 | 1.50 | |
Min | 0.46 | 0.71 | 0.59 | 0.87 | |
Dwater | Average | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.04 |
Max | 0.61 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.49 | |
Min | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
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Jesus, F.S.M.d.; Monteiro, A.M.V.; Tomasella, J. Spatial Inequalities in Access to Safe Drinking Water in an Upper-Middle-Income Country: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Brazil. Water 2023, 15, 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081620
Jesus FSMd, Monteiro AMV, Tomasella J. Spatial Inequalities in Access to Safe Drinking Water in an Upper-Middle-Income Country: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Brazil. Water. 2023; 15(8):1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081620
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesus, Fernanda Santos Mota de, Antonio Miguel Vieira Monteiro, and Javier Tomasella. 2023. "Spatial Inequalities in Access to Safe Drinking Water in an Upper-Middle-Income Country: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Brazil" Water 15, no. 8: 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081620