Long-Term Change of Lake Water Storage and Its Response to Climate Change for Typical Lakes in Arid Xinjiang, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.1.1. Lake Area Data
3.1.2. Altimetry Water Level Datasets (Hydroweb)
3.1.3. GRACE Satellite Gravimetry Data
3.1.4. Meteorological Data
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Monitoring Lake Area Changes
3.2.2. Constructing Water Level Changes of Lakes
3.2.3. Estimation of Annual Water Storage Changes
3.2.4. Mann–Kendall
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Annual Variations of Lake Water Level
4.2. Annual Lake Area Changes
4.3. Annual Variations and Trends of Lake Water Storage
4.4. Mass Changes in Xinjiang Observed in GRACE Satellite Data
4.5. Dynamics Changes of Lakes and Responses to Climate Change
4.6. Driving Mechanism of Lake Changes in Xinjiang
4.7. Implication
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Lake Name | Lon() Lat() | Elevation (m) | Area (km) | Mean Temperature () | Annual Precipitation (mm) | Replenishment Source | Lake Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ulungur | 87.2854 47.2568 | 478 | 854.89 | 3.4 | 116.5 | Ulungur river and Irtysh river | Plain freshwater lake |
Manas | 85.9688 45.7981 | 244 | 263.88 | 8.8 | 63.7 | Manas river | Plain saltwater lake |
Bosten | 86.7480 41.9688 | 1050 | 961.84 | 9 | 66 | Kaidu river | Transition freshwater lake |
Ayakkum | 89.4271 37.5554 | 3876 | 616.34 | 0 | 100–200 | Ixakpatti river and Se Sikeya river | Plateau saltwater lake |
Aqqikkol | 88.4063 37.0764 | 4251 | 354.71 | −1.5 | 150 | Aqqikkol river | Plateau saltwater lake |
Aksayquin | 79.8229 35.2134 | 4844 | 165.96 | −8 | Less than 100 | Aksayquin river | Plateau saltwater lake |
Lakes | Begin | End |
---|---|---|
Ulungur | 5 March 2000 | 28 December 2020 |
Manas | 20 March 2016 | 12 December 2020 |
Bosten | 1 October 2002 | 19 December 2020 |
Ayakkum | 13 April 2000 | 19 December 2020 |
Aqqikkol | 13 March 2016 | 30 December 2020 |
Aksayquin | 28 October 2002 | 22 October 2014 |
Lakes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ulungur | 19 | 1 | ||||
Manas | 8 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 | |
Bosten | 7 | 8 | 5 | |||
Ayakkum | 2 | 3 | 15 | |||
Aqqikkol | 6 | 14 | ||||
Aksayquin | 1 | 7 | 11 | 1 |
Lakes | Area | Level | Accumulative Storage Changes |
---|---|---|---|
Ulungur | 3.96 *** | 3.05 *** | 3.02 *** |
Manas | 1.90 ** | 0.09 | −1.01 |
Bosten | −2.14 ** | −2.14 ** | −1.72 ** |
Ayakkum | 6.13 *** | 5.95 *** | 5.87 *** |
Aqqikkol | 6.31 *** | 6.31 *** | 6.13 *** |
Aksayquin | 6.19 *** | 5.41*** | 5.35 *** |
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Huang, Z.; Xu, J.; Zheng, L. Long-Term Change of Lake Water Storage and Its Response to Climate Change for Typical Lakes in Arid Xinjiang, China. Water 2023, 15, 1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081444
Huang Z, Xu J, Zheng L. Long-Term Change of Lake Water Storage and Its Response to Climate Change for Typical Lakes in Arid Xinjiang, China. Water. 2023; 15(8):1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081444
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Zijin, Jianhua Xu, and Lilin Zheng. 2023. "Long-Term Change of Lake Water Storage and Its Response to Climate Change for Typical Lakes in Arid Xinjiang, China" Water 15, no. 8: 1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081444