A Field Experiment for Tracing Lateral Subsurface Flow in a Post-Glacial Hummocky Arable Soil Landscape
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Bromide Application and Soil Sampling at the Beginning of the Experiment
2.3. Tracer Monitoring
2.4. 3D-Reconstruction of Soil Layering
3. Results
3.1. Tracer Concentration Observation and Relative Saturation along the Tracer Application Trench
3.2. Bromide Concentration in Soil Pore Water (Suction Cup Measurements)
3.3. Bromide Concentration in Soil Samples
3.4. Estimated Transport Distances in Luvisol and the Regosol Soil Profiles
3.5. 3D-Reconstruction of Soil Layering and Flow Path Reconstruction
4. Discussion
4.1. Subsurface Flow Patterns in the Luvisol and Regosol
4.2. Flow Patterns, Conditions, and Depth of LSF Occurrence
4.3. Subsurface Lateral Tracer Transport Distances
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Position Along Tracer Trench [m] | Without Stones | With Stones | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
θ [g/g] | ρ [g/cm 3] | PV [-] | Se [-] | θ [g/g] | ρ [g/cm 3] | PV [-] | Se [-] | |||||||||
Reg | Luv | Reg | Luv | Reg | Luv | Reg | Luv | Reg | Luv | Reg | Luv | Reg | Luv | Reg | Luv | |
0.5 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 1.69 | 1.69 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.50 | 0.67 |
1 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.74 | 1.70 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.56 | 0.71 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.78 | 1.76 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.58 | 0.76 |
1.5 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.61 | 1.71 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.71 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.65 | 1.74 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.49 | 0.73 |
2 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 1.58 | 1.61 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 1.70 | 1.64 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.53 | 0.63 |
2.5 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.64 | 1.66 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.67 | 1.70 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.51 | 0.70 |
3 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 1.37 | 1.63 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 1.63 | 1.67 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.67 |
3.5 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 1.70 | 1.62 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 1.73 | 1.67 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.58 | 0.68 |
4 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 1.64 | 1.70 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.75 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 1.69 | 1.73 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.55 | 0.78 |
4.5 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 1.69 | 1.66 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.70 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 1.73 | 1.70 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.57 | 0.73 |
5 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.61 | 1.58 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.49 | 0.61 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.63 | 1.62 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.64 |
5.5 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 1.77 | 1.72 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.63 | 0.72 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 1.80 | 1.75 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.65 | 0.74 |
6 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.60 | 1.64 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.63 | 1.71 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.51 | 0.71 |
6.5 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.54 | 0.69 |
7 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 1.75 | 1.66 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 1.78 | 1.72 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.63 | 0.72 |
7.5 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 1.57 | 1.68 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.68 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 1.60 | 1.72 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.71 |
8 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.68 | 1.66 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.53 | 0.67 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.77 | 1.72 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.71 |
8.5 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 1.66 | 1.73 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.69 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 1.71 | 1.78 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.55 | 0.72 |
9 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 1.61 | 1.63 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 1.66 | 1.72 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.65 |
9.5 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 1.62 | 1.72 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.67 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 1.67 | 1.74 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.69 |
10 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 1.59 | 1.70 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.61 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 1.70 | 1.73 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.53 | 0.63 |
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Soil | Horizon | Depth | ρb | Sand | Silt | Clay | Corg | KS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[cm] | [kg m−3] | [g kg−1] | [g kg−1] | [g kg−1] | [%] | [cm d−1] | ||
Luv | Ap | 0–31 | 1490 | 619 | 265 | 116 | 0.83 | 22.3 |
Btg | 31–70 | 1680 | 549 | 265 | 185 | 0.44 | 309.4 | |
CBkg | 70–105 | 1790 | 588 | 258 | 154 | 0.15 | 31.5 | |
Reg | Ap | 0–25 | 1660 | 596 | 283 | 120 | 0.47 | 39.4 |
CBkg | 26–48 | 1760 | 614 | 267 | 118 | 0.10 | 89.5 | |
Bgk1 | 49–85 | 1900 | 612 | 270 | 118 | 0.02 | 7.3 | |
Bgk2 | 85–190 | 1910 | 610 | 263 | 127 | 0.03 | 16.8 |
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Ehrhardt, A.; Koszinski, S.; Gerke, H.H. A Field Experiment for Tracing Lateral Subsurface Flow in a Post-Glacial Hummocky Arable Soil Landscape. Water 2023, 15, 1248. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061248
Ehrhardt A, Koszinski S, Gerke HH. A Field Experiment for Tracing Lateral Subsurface Flow in a Post-Glacial Hummocky Arable Soil Landscape. Water. 2023; 15(6):1248. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061248
Chicago/Turabian StyleEhrhardt, Annelie, Sylvia Koszinski, and Horst H. Gerke. 2023. "A Field Experiment for Tracing Lateral Subsurface Flow in a Post-Glacial Hummocky Arable Soil Landscape" Water 15, no. 6: 1248. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061248