Quantifying the Coupled Effect between Soil Moisture and Climate in the Desert Steppe Environment of Inner Mongolia, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Observation Data
2.3. Climate Index Data
2.4. Cross Wavelet and Wavelet Coherence
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Variations of Soil Moisture
3.2. The Relationship between Soil Moisture and Its Influencing Factors
3.3. The Relationship between Soil Moisture and Various Climate Indexes
4. Discussions
4.1. Variations of Soil Moisture at Different Slope Positions and Depths
4.2. Relationship between Soil Moisture and Climatic Factors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Observation Instrument | Data | Longitude and Latitude | Altitude (m) | Accuracy | Measurement Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AZ-DT soil moisture monitoring station | Soil moisture at BS | 41°20′55″ N 111°12′22″ E | 1600 | 1 × 10−7% | 0–100% |
Soil moisture at US | 41°21′10″ N 111°12′34″ E | 1610 | 1 × 10−7% | 0–100% | |
UGT meteorological observation | Air temperature | 41°21′13″ N 111°12′27″ E | 1600 | 0.01 °C | −30–50 °C |
Soil temperature | 0.01 °C | −30–50 °C | |||
Rainfall | 0.1 mm | >0 mm |
Abbreviation | Climate Index | Explanation |
---|---|---|
NinoZ | Tropical Pacific SST Index | Nino1+2, Nino3, Nino4, and Nino3.4 are defined as the average sea temperature anomalies of Nino1+2 (90° W–80° W, 10° S–0°), Nino3 (150° W–90° W, 5° S–5° N), Nino4 (160° E–150° W, 5° S–5° N), and Nino3.4 (170° W–120° W, 5° S–5° N), respectively, in the key areas monitored by the El Nino/La Nina event. The climatic average is the average from 1981 to 2010. The NinoZ is defined as the weighted average of the Nino1+2, Nino3, and Nino4 according to the area of the corresponding three sea areas. NinoEP and NinoCP are Pacific eastern and central Nino indexes, respectively, defined as NinoEP = Nino3 − α × Nino4, NinoCP = Nino4 − α × Nino3, when Nino3 × Nino4 > 0, α = 0.4, when Nino3 × Nino4 ≤ 0, α = 0. |
NinoEP | Eastern Tropical Pacific SST Index | |
NinoCP | Central Tropical Pacific SST Index | |
Nino4 | Western Tropical Pacific SST Index | |
PDO | Pacific Decadal Oscillation | It is defined as the time coefficient of the first mode after EOF decomposition in the North Pacific (20° N–70° N, 110° E–100° W). |
IOBW | Indian Ocean basin-wide warming | The average sea temperature anomaly in the tropical Indian Ocean (20° S–20° N, 40° E–110° E). |
NAO | North Atlantic Oscillation index | Refers to the inverse relationship between the Azores High and the Icelandic Low. |
AO | Arctic Oscillation index | Refers to the cyclical changes in ground atmospheric pressure between the 55° north latitude area. |
Direction | Phase Angle | Sign | Implication |
---|---|---|---|
The right direction (RD) | 0° (360°) | → | The set signal and are in the same phase, and are significantly positively correlated (p < 0.05). |
The lower right direction (LR) | 45° | ↘ | The setting signal precedes by 1/8 cycle. |
The down direction (DD) | 90° | ↓ | The setting signal precedes by 1/4 cycle. |
The lower left direction (LL) | 135° | ↙ | The setting signal precedes by 3/8 cycle. |
The left direction (LD) | 180° | ← | The setting signal precedes by 1/2 cycle, that is, and are in reverse phase, and are significantly negatively correlated (p < 0.05). |
The upper left direction (UL) | 225° | ↖ | The setting signal precedes by 5/8 cycle. |
The up direction (UD) | 270° | ↑ | The setting signal precedes by 3/4 cycle. |
The upper right direction (UR) | 315° | ↗ | The setting signal precedes by 7/8 cycle. |
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Chang, Y.; Yi, W.; Chen, J.; Liu, X.; Meng, W.; Fan, Z.; Zhang, R.; Hai, C. Quantifying the Coupled Effect between Soil Moisture and Climate in the Desert Steppe Environment of Inner Mongolia, China. Water 2023, 15, 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061150
Chang Y, Yi W, Chen J, Liu X, Meng W, Fan Z, Zhang R, Hai C. Quantifying the Coupled Effect between Soil Moisture and Climate in the Desert Steppe Environment of Inner Mongolia, China. Water. 2023; 15(6):1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061150
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Yaowen, Wenying Yi, Jianpeng Chen, Xia Liu, Wenting Meng, Zhaofei Fan, Ruiqiang Zhang, and Chunxing Hai. 2023. "Quantifying the Coupled Effect between Soil Moisture and Climate in the Desert Steppe Environment of Inner Mongolia, China" Water 15, no. 6: 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061150