Mining Leachates Effect on the Hydraulic Performance of Geosynthetic Clay Liners under Different Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Geosynthetic Clay Liners
2.1.2. Test Solutions
2.2. Conducted Tests
2.2.1. Fluid Loss Test
2.2.2. Free Swell Index Test
2.2.3. X-ray Observation
2.2.4. Scanning Electron Microscope
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fluid Loss Test
3.2. Free Swell Index Test
3.3. X-ray Diffraction and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrum
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscope
3.5. Hydraulic Conductivity Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bentonite A | Bentonite B | ||
---|---|---|---|
Mineral Constituents/% | Montmorillonite | 78.1 | 74.1 |
Quartz | 7.6 | 5.3 | |
Feldspar | 9.6 | 9.4 | |
Calcite | 4.7 | 6.1 | |
Mica | — | 5.1 | |
Element Constituents/% | O | 47.5 | 45.4 |
Na | 2.9 | 8.01 | |
Mg | 1.59 | 1.05 | |
Al | 8.67 | 8.18 | |
Si | 29.37 | 28.61 | |
K | 1.07 | 1.07 | |
Ca | 3.48 | 2.85 | |
Others | 5.42 | 4.38 |
Element | Al | Ca | K | Mg | Na | Pb | S | Si | Sb | Sr | W |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | |
Content | 0.03 | 37.1 | 19.9 | 2 | 480 | 0.02 | 192 | 9 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 1.8 |
Element | Al | Ca | K | Mg | Li | Na | S | Si | Sb | Sr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | |
Content | 0.26 | 20.9 | 22.0 | 3.9 | 0.124 | 441 | 316 | 8.4 | 0.023 | 0.208 |
Sample | Element | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | |
A | 47.200 | 2.650 | 1.490 | 8.952 | 28.050 | 0.114 | 0.055 | 1.227 |
A + 50 °C | 46.100 | 2.800 | 1.500 | 7.999 | 27.230 | 0.089 | 1.479 | 1.290 |
A + 70 °C | 47.500 | 3.510 | 1.580 | 8.163 | 27.490 | 0.099 | 0.715 | 1.200 |
K | Ca | Ti | Cr | Mn | Fe | Ni | Cu | |
A | 2.060 | 4.151 | 0.445 | 0.005 | 0.064 | 3.409 | - | 0.007 |
A + 50 °C | 1.050 | 3.838 | 0.435 | - | 0.087 | 3.103 | - | - |
A + 70 °C | 0.958 | 3.709 | 0.447 | - | 0.077 | 3.156 | - | 0.003 |
Zn | Ga | Rb | Sr | Zr | Nb | Ba | Others | |
A | 0.010 | - | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.009 | - | 0.073 | 0.010 |
A + 50 °C | 0.009 | - | 0.004 | 0.027 | 0.016 | - | 0.065 | 2.154 |
A + 70 °C | 0.009 | - | 0.004 | 0.029 | 0.014 | - | 0.069 | 1.962 |
O | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | |
B | 42.200 | 5.460 | 1.350 | 8.877 | 28.960 | 0.087 | 0.398 | 0.886 |
B + 50 °C | 47.900 | 3.380 | 1.500 | 8.240 | 28.260 | 0.101 | 0.551 | 1.280 |
B + 70 °C | 47.400 | 3.830 | 1.480 | 8.079 | 30.150 | 0.091 | 0.362 | 1.240 |
K | Ca | Ti | Cr | Mn | Fe | Ni | Cu | |
B | 1.060 | 3.151 | 0.445 | 0.005 | 0.064 | 3.409 | - | 0.007 |
B + 50 °C | 1.239 | 2.918 | 0.454 | - | 0.074 | 3.147 | - | - |
B + 70 °C | 1.100 | 2.890 | 0.436 | - | 0.073 | 3.131 | - | - |
Zn | Ga | Rb | Sr | Zr | Nb | Ba | Others | |
B | 0.010 | - | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.009 | - | 0.073 | 0.013 |
B + 50 °C | 0.009 | - | 0.004 | 0.028 | 0.012 | - | 0.075 | 0.390 |
B + 70 °C | 0.009 | - | 0.004 | 0.028 | 0.012 | - | 0.074 | 0.021 |
Bentonite | A | B | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature( °C) | 0 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 0 | 50 | 60 | 70 |
De-ionized water | 6.96 × 10−9 | 8.12 × 10−9 | 1.22 × 10−8 | 3.24 × 10−8 | 2.04 × 10−8 | 4.63 × 10−8 | 6.11 × 10−8 | 8.56 × 10−8 |
Baojinshan leachates | 2.62 × 10−8 | 4.46 × 10−8 | 7.15 × 10−8 | 9.35 × 10−8 | 4.37 × 10−8 | 5.12 × 10−8 | 7.26 × 10−8 | 9.44 × 10−8 |
Xikuangshan leachates | 9.18 × 10−9 | 6.04 × 10−7 | 8.81 × 10−7 | 2.12 × 10−6 | 4.14 × 10−7 | 4.78 × 10−7 | 6.88 × 10−7 | 8.66 × 10−7 |
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Liu, Y.; Li, X.; Tu, Y.; Lu, Y. Mining Leachates Effect on the Hydraulic Performance of Geosynthetic Clay Liners under Different Temperatures. Water 2023, 15, 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061132
Liu Y, Li X, Tu Y, Lu Y. Mining Leachates Effect on the Hydraulic Performance of Geosynthetic Clay Liners under Different Temperatures. Water. 2023; 15(6):1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061132
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yang, Xinxin Li, Yuanzhuo Tu, and Yulong Lu. 2023. "Mining Leachates Effect on the Hydraulic Performance of Geosynthetic Clay Liners under Different Temperatures" Water 15, no. 6: 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061132