Methodological Framework for Assessing Hydromorphological Conditions of Heavily Modified and Artificial River Water Bodies in Croatia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
- To ensure ecological continuum and ecological flow of watercourses according to CIS guidance documents.
- To ensure a minimum amount of water in melioration lowland canals.
- To ensure the necessary flow and energy drop to produce electricity at existing facilities.
- To ensure the required volume in reservoirs and water intake facilities for the supply of drinking water, operation of existing hydropower plants and irrigation.
- To allow moderate seasonal changes in the runoff regime associated with the above functions.
- To allow minor changes in the channel planform and cross-section.
- To ensure optimal drainage of agricultural land while respecting the minimum environmentally friendly depth and/or flow of water in the channel throughout the year and leaving woody riparian vegetation (preferably on the south or west bank of the stream) in a way that creates a high percentage of shading and reduces the input of organic material and fine sediment. The other shore can be covered with herbaceous vegetation and individual trees that allow access for machines to periodically maintain the channel (e.g., prevention of blockages).
- To ensure a narrow line of flood defense in dense urban areas.
- To allow moving of a small amount of sediment inside the channel for flood protection in compliance with the environmental protection acts and other related laws and directives.
- To reduce the risk of floods on natural watercourses while respecting the minimum environmentally friendly depth and/or water flow in the channel throughout the year and leaving woody riparian vegetation in a way that creates a high percentage of shading and reduces the input of organic material and fine sediment.
- The relationship between surface- and groundwater must not be disturbed in order to preserve ecosystems dependent on groundwater and in compliance with the provisions of the environmental protection acts and other related laws and directives.
- To ensure the minimum depth of water for inland navigation and mooring of ships on the legally defined waterway and the related regularly prescribed maintenance of the waterway.
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Challenges in Assessing Hydromorphological Conditions of HMWBs and AWBs
5.2. Selection of Indicators for the Assessment of Hydromorphological Conditions and MEP
5.3. Impact of Hydromorphological Modifications on Biological Quality Elements
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pannonian Ecoregion | Dinaric and Adriatic Ecoregion | Description of the River Type |
---|---|---|
HR-K_1A | HR-K_7A | Small, heavily modified rivers with modified morphology (catchment area 5–100 km2) |
HR-K_1B | HR-K_7B | Small, heavily modified rivers with modified morphology and longitudinal connectivity (catchment area 5–100 km2) |
HR-K_2A | HR-K_8A | Medium-sized, heavily modified rivers with modified morphology (catchment area 100–1000 km2) |
HR-K_2B | HR-K_8B | Medium-sized, heavily modified rivers with modified morphology and longitudinal connectivity (catchment area 100–1000 km2) |
HR-K_3A | HR-K_9A | Large, heavily modified rivers with modified morphology (catchment area 1000–10,000 km2) |
HR-K_3B | HR-K_9B | Large, heavily modified rivers with modified morphology and longitudinal connectivity (catchment area 1000–10,000 km2) |
HR-K_4 | Very large, heavily modified rivers with modified morphology (catchment area larger than 10,000 km2) | |
HR-K_5 | HR-K_12 | Heavily modified rivers with large changes in discharge |
HR-K_6A | HR-K_13A | Artificial streams with large daily changes in flow |
HR-K_6B | Artificial streams with disturbed groundwater–surface water interactions | |
HR-K_6C | HR-K_13B | Artificial streams with large seasonal flow changes |
HR-K_10 and HR-K_11 | Heavily modified ephemeral streams with changed morphology |
Indicator Description | 1A, 1B, 7A, 7B | 2A, 2B, 8A, 8B | 3A, 3B, 9A, 9B | 4 | 5, 12 | 10, 11 | 6A, 13A | 6B, 6C, 13B | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrology | Changes in mean seasonal discharge (or water level) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✔ | ✘ | ✘ |
Daily changes in water level during average water levels | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✔ | ✘ | |
Daily changes in discharge | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✔ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | |
Days without flow in the channel | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✔ | ✔ | |
Longitudinal connectivity considering biota migration (fish, etc.) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
Morphology | Changes in the channel planform | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✘ |
Changes in the channel cross-section | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✘ | |
The amount of artificial hard materials below the water level | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
Artificiality of the bed sediment | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✘ | |
Bank structure | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✔ | |
Bank slope | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✔ | |
Length of the riparian corridor | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
Lateral connectivity with the floodplain | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✔ | ✔ * | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | |
Lateral channel movement | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✘ |
Indicator Description | Average Score | Median Score |
---|---|---|
Changes in mean seasonal discharge (or water level) | 2.48 | 3 |
Daily changes in water level during average water levels | 2.24 | 2 |
Daily changes in discharge | 2.33 | 2 |
Days without flow in the channel | 2.34 | 2 |
Longitudinal connectivity considering biota migration (fish, etc.) | 2.47 | 1 |
Changes in the channel planform | 2.75 | 2 |
Changes in the channel cross-section | 3.45 | 4 |
The amount of artificial hard materials below the water level | 1.14 | 1 |
Artificiality of the bed sediment | 2.41 | 3 |
Bank structure | 2.46 | 3 |
Bank slope | 2.13 | 2 |
Length of the riparian corridor | 3.14 | 3 |
Lateral connectivity with the floodplain | 2.72 | 3 |
Lateral movement | 3.42 | 4 |
WB Type | Hydrology | Longitudinal Connectivity | Morphology |
---|---|---|---|
HR-K_1A | 1.83 | 1.00 | 3.21 |
HR-K_1B | 2.12 | 4.43 | 2.94 |
HR-K_2A | 2.23 | 1.00 | 2.95 |
HR-K_2B | 2.15 | 4.45 | 3.34 |
HR-K_3A | 2.13 | 1.00 | 3.38 |
HR-K_3B | 2.00 | 5.00 | 2.25 |
HR-K_4 | 2.05 | 1.00 | 1.53 |
HR-K_5 | 1.56 | 1.50 | 1.90 |
HR-K_6A | 2.71 | 5.00 | 3.57 |
HR-K_6B | 2.60 | 1.40 | 2.75 |
HR-K_6C | 3.41 | 1.76 | 2.55 |
HR-K_7B | 2.76 | 3.86 | 2.98 |
HR-K_8A | 1.67 | 1.00 | 3.69 |
HR-K_8B | 1.78 | 5.00 | 2.04 |
HR-K_10 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 2.58 |
HR-K_12 | 3.50 | 3.00 | 2.16 |
HR-K_13A | 3.00 | 5.00 | 4.00 |
HR-K_13B | 2.78 | 2.11 | 2.67 |
Average | 2.49 | 2.47 | 2.62 |
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Pavlek, K.; Plantak, M.; Martinić, I.; Vinković, K.; Vučković, I.; Čanjevac, I. Methodological Framework for Assessing Hydromorphological Conditions of Heavily Modified and Artificial River Water Bodies in Croatia. Water 2023, 15, 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061113
Pavlek K, Plantak M, Martinić I, Vinković K, Vučković I, Čanjevac I. Methodological Framework for Assessing Hydromorphological Conditions of Heavily Modified and Artificial River Water Bodies in Croatia. Water. 2023; 15(6):1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061113
Chicago/Turabian StylePavlek, Katarina, Mladen Plantak, Ivan Martinić, Karlo Vinković, Ivan Vučković, and Ivan Čanjevac. 2023. "Methodological Framework for Assessing Hydromorphological Conditions of Heavily Modified and Artificial River Water Bodies in Croatia" Water 15, no. 6: 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061113