Geochemical Features of River Runoff and Their Effect on the State of the Aquatic Environment of Lake Onego
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition of River Water
3.2. Suspended Matter in River Waters
3.3. Content of Metals in Suspended Matter from the Water of the Tributaries of Lake Onego
3.4. Mineral Composition of Suspended Matter of Rivers
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Geological Structure | Coast | River | Flow Volume, km3/Year | Length, km | Watershed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area, Thousand km2 | Lacustrine Nature of the Territory, % | Swampiness of the Territory, % | |||||
Fennoscandian Crystalline Shield (FCS) (I) | Northwest | Lososinka | 0.12 | 25 | 0.3 | 5.7 | 10 |
Shuya | 3.09 | 279 | 10.3 | 10.4 | ~20 | ||
Suna | 2.34 | 282 | 7.67 | 12.5 | 19 | ||
North | Kumsa | 0.23 | 67 | 0.74 | 8.5 | 7 | |
Eastern | Vodla | 4.63 | 406 | 13.7 | 5.6 | 24 | |
Southeastern | Andoma | 1.03 | 142 | 2.57 | 1.3 | 12 | |
Southwest | Derevyanka | 0.03 | 20 | 0.093 | 0.4 | – | |
Sheltozerka | 0.03 | 11 | 0.069 | 3.9 | – | ||
The central part of the East European Platform (II) | Southern | Vytegra | 0.52 | 40 | 1.67 | <1 | 12 |
Svir’ | 24.9 | 224 | 84.4 | – | – |
Geological Structure | Coast | River | Season | pH | Ntot | Norg | Pmin | Ptot | BOD | PI, mgO/L | COD, mgO/L | Si (Filtered) | Color | Σions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mgN/L | mgN/L | mgN/L | mgN/L | μg/L | μg/L | mgO/L | Not Filtered | Filtered | Not Filtered | mg/L | °Pt | mg/L | |||||
The Fennoscandian Crystalline Shield (FCS) (I) | Northwest | Lososinka (before the city) | Spring | 7.01 | 0.013 | <0.01 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 17 | 46 | 1.91 | 18.8 | 27.9 | 29.4 | 2.67 | 136 | 26 |
Summer | 7.37 | 0.051 | 0.009 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 48 | 91 | 1.74 | 19.9 | 43.4 | 45.4 | 2.68 | 154 | 39 | |||
Autumn | 7.01 | 0.046 | 0.042 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 26 | 50 | 1.57 | 23.5 | 44.8 | 45.6 | 2.74 | 169 | 30 | |||
Winter | 6.59 | 0.055 | 0.104 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 15 | 155 | 2.67 | 26.3 | 53.9 | 62.5 | 3.46 | 170 | 22 | |||
Lososinka (the mouth of the river) | Spring | 7.14 | 0.024 | 0.017 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 22 | 53 | 2.01 | 18.8 | 30.8 | 33.5 | 2.7 | 135 | 32 | ||
Summer | 7.29 | 0.108 | 0.093 | 0.66 | 0.46 | 61 | 103 | 2.04 | 18.3 | 41.9 | 46.2 | 2.64 | 137 | 51 | |||
Autumn | 7.26 | 0.076 | 0.072 | 0.68 | 0.53 | 38 | 69 | 2.12 | 22.7 | 45.2 | 48.8 | 2.52 | 169 | 38 | |||
Winter | 7.28 | 0.070 | 0.136 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 18 | 62 | 1.98 | 14.6 | 35.3 | 36.5 | 3.05 | 117 | 60 | |||
Shuya | Spring | 6.39 | 0.013 | 0.029 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 4 | 31 | 2.31 | 19.6 | 36.8 | 38.7 | 2.70 | 152 | 15 | ||
Summer | 7.01 | 0.032 | 0.009 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 9.8 | 45 | 1.36 | 12.6 | 27.5 | 31.0 | 1.22 | 78 | 23 | |||
Autumn | 6.58 | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 14 | 36 | 1.63 | 22.7 | 42.5 | 48.8 | 2.2 | 153 | 18 | |||
Winter | 6.06 | 0.038 | 0.182 | 0.82 | 0.60 | 8 | 53 | 1.82 | 20.2 | 45.7 | 47.7 | 3.39 | 27 | ||||
Suna | Spring | 7.13 | 0.009 | 0.055 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 1 | 11 | 1.49 | 10.0 | 21.6 | 24.6 | 1.94 | 60 | 17 | ||
Summer | 6.70 | 0.024 | 0.041 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 1 | 12 | 0.74 | 10.9 | 19.9 | 20.7 | 2.02 | 62 | 16 | |||
Autumn | 6.91 | 0.024 | 0.082 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 1 | 1 | 1.68 | 10.1 | 19.1 | 21.9 | 2.09 | 61 | 11 | |||
Winter | 6.75 | 0.045 | 0.089 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0 | 1 | 0.55 | 11 | 27.7 | 25.9 | 2.12 | 77 | 14 | |||
North | Kumsa | Spring | 7.19 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 1 | 9 | 2.22 | 12.6 | 25.5 | 25.5 | 2.10 | 68 | 30 | |
Summer | 7.30 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.3 | 12 | 1.34 | 10.7 | 25.1 | 30.2 | 2.00 | 59 | 40 | |||
Autumn | 7.09 | 0.046 | 0.038 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 1 | 10 | 1.07 | 11.8 | 29.1 | 31.2 | 2.45 | 75 | 37 | |||
Winter | 7.22 | 0.047 | 0.065 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0 | 24 | 1.81 | 12.2 | 28.2 | 30.9 | 2.7 | 65 | 42 | |||
Eastern | Vodla | Spring | 6.83 | 0.010 | <0.01 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 9 | 45 | 2.48 | 18.8 | 36.8 | 38.9 | 2.15 | 120 | 21 | |
Summer | 6.33 | 0.030 | 0.006 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 2.3 | 43 | 2.86 | 12.6 | 23.3 | 29.5 | 0.84 | 71 | 30 | |||
Autumn | 6.67 | 0.066 | 0.026 | 0.68 | 0.59 | 8 | 34 | 3.65 | 24.7 | 48.6 | 52 | 2.08 | 149 | 27 | |||
Winter | 6.83 | 0.090 | 0.132 | 0.78 | 0.56 | 10 | 44 | 1.61 | 16.9 | 3.85 | 40.2 | 2.43 | 92 | 39 | |||
Southeastern | Andoma | Spring | 6.89 | 0.016 | 0.041 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 11 | 33 | 1.65 | 18.3 | 29.0 | 37.9 | 1.62 | 140 | 42 | |
Summer | 6.99 | 0.025 | 0.026 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 11 | 62 | 2.98 | 26.4 | 46.0 | 54.5 | 2.06 | 196 | 57 | |||
Autumn | 6.16 | 0.050 | 0.019 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 14 | 44 | 2.84 | 34.3 | 67.4 | 70.6 | 2.91 | 215 | 19 | |||
Winter | 6.91 | 0.097 | 0.163 | 0.84 | 0.58 | 8 | 61 | 3.45 | 17.7 | 39.5 | 40.9 | 2.97 | 127 | 33 | |||
Southwest | Derevyanka | Spring | 7.20 | 0.010 | 0.043 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 25 | 67 | 3.10 | 29.3 | 45.7 | 48.9 | 3.09 | 208 | 44 | |
Summer | 7.21 | 0.021 | 0.076 | 1.24 | 1.14 | 58 | 127 | 2.84 | 54.2 | 78.0 | 94.7 | 4.73 | 358 | 53 | |||
Autumn | 7.21 | 0.043 | 0.104 | 1.13 | 0.98 | 37 | 78 | 2.36 | 45 | 72.6 | 751 | 2.09 | 271 | 53 | |||
Winter | 7.11 | 0.218 | 0.667 | 1.55 | 0.66 | 36 | 168 | 2.84 | 14.1 | 37.2 | 423 | 3.56 | 107 | 92 | |||
Sheltozerka | Spring | 6.89 | 0.010 | <0.01 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 9 | 39 | 1.96 | 22.0 | 42.8 | 46.3 | 2.30 | 160 | 23 | ||
Summer | 7.21 | 0.027 | 0.088 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 47 | 89 | – | 26.4 | 50.1 | 51.7 | 3.73 | 211 | 75 | |||
Autumn | 6.65 | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 11 | 36 | 7.3 | 33.8 | 65.7 | 70.4 | 3.1 | 213 | 26 | |||
Winter | 6.82 | 0.103 | 0.508 | 1.33 | 0.74 | 26 | 76 | 2.21 | 14.5 | 46.3 | 50.2 | 4.05 | 151 | 48 | |||
The central part of theEast European Platform (II) | Southern | Vytegra | Spring | 7.71 | 0.025 | 0.076 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 6 | 25 | 1.43 | 13.4 | 25.3 | 30.1 | 1.71 | 89 | 110 |
Summer | 8.09 | 0.029 | 0.013 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 16 | 59 | 1.63 | 6.9 | 15.5 | 17.9 | 1.78 | 38 | 185 | |||
Autumn | 7.87 | 0.109 | 0.061 | 0.76 | 0.59 | 14 | 45 | 2.91 | 16.4 | 32.6 | 34.7 | 2.31 | 102 | 156 | |||
Winter | 7.54 | 0.079 | 0.215 | 0.80 | 0.50 | 15 | 61 | – | 17.7 | 24.8 | 26.1 | 3.38 | 59 | 193 | |||
Svir’ (the source of the lake) | Spring | 7.40 | 0.009 | 0.121 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 11.3 | 14 | 0.94 | 6.4 | 19.3 | 20.5 | 0.21 | 28 | 40 | ||
Summer | 7.27 | 0.017 | 0.119 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.44 | 7.8 | 19.1 | 19.6 | 0.14 | 28 | 38 | |||
Autumn | 7.47 | 0.032 | 0.128 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.7 | 9 | 0.45 | 8.2 | 18.5 | 19.7 | 0.28 | 33 | 37 | |||
Winter | 7.37 | 0.035 | 0.164 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.7 | 18 | 0.62 | 6.8 | 18.4 | 20.0 | 0.34 | 34 | 38 |
Geological Structure | Coast | River | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Northwest | Lososinka (before the city) | ||||
Lososinka (the mouth of the river) | ||||||
Shuya | ||||||
Suna | ||||||
North | Kumsa | |||||
Eastern | Vodla | |||||
Southeastern | Andoma | – | ||||
Southwest | Derevyanka | |||||
Sheltozerka | ||||||
II | Southern | Vytegra | – | |||
Svir’ |
Geological Structure | Coast | River | n | Range | Winter–Spring | Summer–Autumn | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
δ18O, ‰ | δ2H, ‰ | d (2HExcess), ‰ | δ18O, ‰ | δ2H, ‰ | d (2HExcess), ‰ | |||||
Fennoscandian Crystalline Shield (FCS)(I) | Northwest | Lososinka | 15 | Min. | −12.5 | −92 | 8.0 | −11.3 | −85 | 5.4 |
Max. | −10.9 | −93 | −5.8 | −10.1 | −74 | 6.8 | ||||
Shuya | 12 | Min. | −11.5 | −85 | 7.0 | −9.8 | −78 | 0.4 | ||
Max. | −10.4 | −75 | 8.2 | |||||||
Suna | 2 | Min. | – | – | – | −10.8 | −88 | −1.6 | ||
Max. | – | – | – | −10.8 | −81 | 5.4 | ||||
North | Kumsa | 4 | Min. | −12.0 | −91 | 5.0 | −10.7 | −83 | 2.6 | |
Max. | −11.0 | −88 | 0.0 | −10.5 | −78 | 6.0 | ||||
Eastern | Vodla | 4 | Min. | −12.2 | −92 | 5.6 | −11.3 | −85 | 5.4 | |
Max. | −11.0 | −89 | −1.0 | −9.7 | −78 | −0.4 | ||||
Southeastern | Andoma | 3 | Min. | −13.1 | −100 | 4.8 | −10.6 | −80 | 4.8 | |
Max. | −12.5 | −100 | 0.0 | |||||||
Southwest | Derevyanka | 4 | Min. | −14.6 | −107 | 9.8 | −11.7 | −83 | 10.6 | |
Max. | −13.1 | −104 | 0.8 | −11.3 | −86 | 4.4 | ||||
Sheltozerka | 2 | Min. | – | – | −10.8 | −83 | 3,4 | |||
Max. | – | –- | −10.2 | −77 | 4,6 | |||||
The central part of the East European Platform (EEP) (II) | Southern | Vytegra | 4 | Min. | −12.5 | −97 | 3.0 | −11.7 | −88 | 5.6 |
Max. | −11.8 | −90 | 4.4 | −11.1 | −87 | 1.8 | ||||
Svir’ (outflow from lake) | 5 | Min. | −10.9 | −78 | 9.2 | −9.7 | −75 | 2.6 | ||
Max. | −10.3 | −81 | 1.4 | −9.6 | −73 | 3.8 |
Geological Structure | Coast | River | Season | Suspended Matter, mg/L | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
> 0.8 μm | 0.45 μm < Ø < 0.8 μm | > 0.45 μm | ||||
The Fennoscandian Crystalline Shield (FCS) (I) | Northwest | Lososinka (before the city) | Spring | 2.96 | 1.80 | 12.26 |
Summer | 6.25 | 0.48 | 11.67 | |||
Autumn | 5.22 | 0.13 | – | |||
Winter | 29.59 | 1.06 | 32.80 | |||
Lososinka (the mouth of the river) | Spring | 3.49 | 2.50 | 5.37 | ||
Summer | 7.60 | 0.89 | 1.88 | |||
Autumn | 8.12 | 0.04 | – | |||
Winter | 8.65 | 0.29 | 9.82 | |||
Shuya | Spring | 7.36 | 0.75 | 7.12 | ||
Summer | 9.82 | 0.59 | 4.47 | |||
Autumn | 4.19 | 0.13 | 5.56 | |||
Winter | 7.88 | 1.07 | 9.81 | |||
Suna | Spring | 1.20 | 0.51 | 1.87 | ||
Summer | 1.99 | 0.22 | 2.22 | |||
Autumn | 0.87 | 0.03 | – | |||
Winter | 0.72 | 0.23 | 0.88 | |||
North | Kumsa | Spring | 1.50 | 0.37 | – | |
Summer | 2.35 | 0.15 | 1.96 | |||
Autumn | 0.93 | 0.12 | 1.18 | |||
Winter | 2.11 | 0.29 | 2.60 | |||
Eastern | Vodla | Spring | 7.76 | 1.35 | 3.72 | |
Summer | 3.24 | 0.22 | 2.20 | |||
Autumn | 3.93 | 0.24 | 2.29 | |||
Winter | 4.22 | 5.94 | 0.98 | |||
Southeastern | Andoma | Spring | 5.51 | 1.54 | 9.62 | |
Summer | 9.16 | 0.60 | 8.10 | |||
Autumn | 3.53 | 0.63 | 4.40 | |||
Winter | 9.19 | 1.90 | 12.92 | |||
Southwest | Derevyanka | Spring | 4.69 | 1.79 | 9.13 | |
Summer | 4.83 | 1.10 | 14.17 | |||
Autumn | 4.17 | 9.40 | – | |||
Winter | 13.00 | 1.12 | 25.47 | |||
Sheltozerka | Spring | 7.88 | 1.91 | 21.11 | ||
Summer | 1.79 | 1.12 | 14.68 | |||
Autumn | 2.08 | 0.23 | 5.60 | |||
Winter | 22.77 | 1.40 | 16.59 | |||
The central part of theEast European Platform (II) | Southern | Vytegra | Spring | 8.29 | 0.90 | – |
Summer | 21.46 | 0.33 | – | |||
Autumn | 5.80 | 0.30 | 4.53 | |||
Winter | 6.15 | 0.70 | 6.75 | |||
Svir’ (the source of the lake) | Spring | 2.15 | 0.28 | – | ||
Summer | 0.80 | 0.08 | – | |||
Autumn | 3.39 | 0.05 | – | |||
Winter | 1.07 | 0.11 | 0.96 |
Geological Structure | Coast | River | Series of Elements |
---|---|---|---|
I | Northwest | Lososinka | Fe > Mn > Zn > Ba > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > As > Cd > Mo > Sb |
Shuya | Fe > Mn > Ba > Cr > Zn > Cu = Pb > Ni > Co > As > Cd > Sb > Mo | ||
Suna | Fe > Mn > Ba > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Co = Cd > As > Mo > Sb | ||
North | Kumsa | Fe > Mn > Ba > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > As > Sb > Co > Mo > Cd | |
Eastern | Vodla | Fe > Mn > Ba > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > As > Co > Cd > Mo > Sb | |
Southeastern | Andoma | Fe > Mn > Ba > Zn > Cr = Pb > Ni > Cu > Co > As > Sb > Cd > Mo | |
Southwest | Derevyanka | Fe > Mn > Ba > Cu > Zn > Cr > Ni > Co = Pb > As > Mo > Cd > Sb | |
Sheltozerka | Fe > Mn > Ba > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Co > As > Sb > Mo > Cd | ||
II | Southern | Vytegra | Fe > Mn > Ba > Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Co > Cd > Sb > Mo |
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Kulik, N.; Efremenko, N.; Strakhovenko, V.; Belkina, N.; Borodulina, G.; Gatalskaya, E.; Malov, V.; Tokarev, I. Geochemical Features of River Runoff and Their Effect on the State of the Aquatic Environment of Lake Onego. Water 2023, 15, 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050964
Kulik N, Efremenko N, Strakhovenko V, Belkina N, Borodulina G, Gatalskaya E, Malov V, Tokarev I. Geochemical Features of River Runoff and Their Effect on the State of the Aquatic Environment of Lake Onego. Water. 2023; 15(5):964. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050964
Chicago/Turabian StyleKulik, Natalia, Natalia Efremenko, Vera Strakhovenko, Natalia Belkina, Galina Borodulina, Ekaterina Gatalskaya, Viktor Malov, and Igor Tokarev. 2023. "Geochemical Features of River Runoff and Their Effect on the State of the Aquatic Environment of Lake Onego" Water 15, no. 5: 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050964
APA StyleKulik, N., Efremenko, N., Strakhovenko, V., Belkina, N., Borodulina, G., Gatalskaya, E., Malov, V., & Tokarev, I. (2023). Geochemical Features of River Runoff and Their Effect on the State of the Aquatic Environment of Lake Onego. Water, 15(5), 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050964