Concept and Implementation of Solutions Improving Water Relations in the Area of the Flooded Opencast Lignite Mine Kazimierz Północ in the East Wielkopolska Region (Central-West Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Pr—precipitation on reservoir surface [mm; m3],
- Ir—river inflow [mm; m3],
- Is—surface inflow [mm; m3],
- Igr—groundwater inflow [mm; m3],
- Igd—groundwater inflow from deeper aquifers [mm; m3],
- Er—evaporation from reservoir surface [mm; m3],
- Or—river outflow [mm; m3],
- Ogr—groundwater outflow [mm; m3],
- Ogd—groundwater outflow towards deeper aquifers [mm; m3],
- ∆Rr—reservoir retention during the balance period [mm; m3].
- Pr—precipitation on reservoir surface [mm; m3],
- Er—evaporation from reservoir surface [mm; m3],
- Dm—discharge of mine waters [mm; m3],
- ∆G—resultant of groundwater inflow and outflow [mm; m3],
- ∆Rr—retention of the reservoir during the balance period [mm; m3].
- E—monthly evaporation amount [mm],
- t—mean monthly air temperature in a meteorological cage at a height of 2 m above ground level [°C],
- f—mean monthly relative air humidity [%]
- E0—daily evaporation amount [mm],
- u2—mean daily wind speed at a height of 2 m above ground level [m/s],
- e0j—mean daily saturated water vapour pressure at surface temperature in the reservoir [hPa],
- e—mean daily water vapour pressure in the air in a meteorological cage at a height of 2 m above ground level [hPa].
3. Results
- Φ = 1000 mm over a section of 25 m, further transitioning into pipeline Φ = 900 mm until the water surface of the reservoir,
- Φ = 900 mm until the water level in the reservoir.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Remodelling of the system of drainage of the opencast mine Jóźwin IIB and redirecting the majority of mine water to the post-mining water reservoir Kazimierz Północ in 2020 contributed to a considerable acceleration of flooding of the reservoir.
- The maintenance of the rate of increase in the water level in the post-mining water reservoir Kazimierz Północ suggests that it will be completely filled in the third quarter of 2023, and not, as originally assumed, around 2030.
- The emerging reservoir increasingly shows seasonal variability in the groundwater supply, depending on the precipitation amount and evaporation, as well as an increase in the share of groundwater drainage towards the nearby opencast lignite mine Jóźwin IIB.
- Faster filling of the post-mining water reservoir Kazimierz Północ will contribute to the improvement of hydrological relations in the area, particularly in areas located to the west.
- The new Kleczew reservoir, with a volume of 150 Mm3, will improve the state of water resources in Wielkopolska, provide conditions for the development of valuable and rare plants and animals, and permit tourist development in the post-mining areas.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Precipitation Station | Jabłonka | Wandowo | Konin | Słupca | Powidz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal precipitation | 501 mm | 474 mm | 545 mm | 496 mm | 532 mm |
Minimum precipitation | 277 mm | 280 mm | 329 mm | 275 mm | 302 mm |
Maximum precipitation | 709 mm | 666 mm | 901 mm | 665 mm | 745 mm |
Trend | (+) | (+) | (+) | (+) | (+) |
Parameter | Units | Mean | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | - | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.4 |
temperature | °C | 12.3 | 2.3 | 24.5 |
oxygen | mg O2 L− | 11.4 | 8.7 | 13.5 |
total suspension | mg L− | 9.8 | 3.1 | 17.0 |
chlorides | mg Cl L− | 9.6 | 7.5 | 17.0 |
sulphur | mg S L− | 115 | 96 | 140 |
iron | Mg Fe L− | 0.150 | 0.021 | 0.358 |
BOD5 | mg O2 L− | 1.72 | 1.76 | 1.77 |
COD-Cr | mg O2 L− | 10.3 | 8.4 | 13.6 |
total nitrogen | mg N L− | 1.84 | 0.54 | 3.60 |
total phosphorus | mg P L− | 0.223 | 0.099 | 0.358 |
ammonium | mg N-NH4+ L− | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.22 |
permanganate index | mg O2 L− | 3.42 | 2.81 | 3.91 |
electrical conductivity | µS cm− | 656 | 579 | 756 |
solute concentration | mg L− | 421 | 374 | 456 |
nitrates | mg N-NO3 L− | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.30 |
nitrite | mg N-NO2 L− | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.015 |
phosphates | mg P-PO43− L− | 0.225 | 0.02 | 0.84 |
Kjeldahl nitrogen | mg N L− | 1.16 | 0.50 | 2.04 |
manganese | mg Mg L− | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.70 |
alkalinity | mg L− | 224.75 | 207 | 242.5 |
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Nowak, B.; Szadek, P.; Szymański, K.; Lawniczak-Malińska, A. Concept and Implementation of Solutions Improving Water Relations in the Area of the Flooded Opencast Lignite Mine Kazimierz Północ in the East Wielkopolska Region (Central-West Poland). Water 2023, 15, 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040706
Nowak B, Szadek P, Szymański K, Lawniczak-Malińska A. Concept and Implementation of Solutions Improving Water Relations in the Area of the Flooded Opencast Lignite Mine Kazimierz Północ in the East Wielkopolska Region (Central-West Poland). Water. 2023; 15(4):706. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040706
Chicago/Turabian StyleNowak, Bogumił, Paweł Szadek, Krzysztof Szymański, and Agnieszka Lawniczak-Malińska. 2023. "Concept and Implementation of Solutions Improving Water Relations in the Area of the Flooded Opencast Lignite Mine Kazimierz Północ in the East Wielkopolska Region (Central-West Poland)" Water 15, no. 4: 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040706
APA StyleNowak, B., Szadek, P., Szymański, K., & Lawniczak-Malińska, A. (2023). Concept and Implementation of Solutions Improving Water Relations in the Area of the Flooded Opencast Lignite Mine Kazimierz Północ in the East Wielkopolska Region (Central-West Poland). Water, 15(4), 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040706