Stable Isotopes and Water Level Monitoring Integrated to Characterize Groundwater Recharge in the Pra Basin, Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
2.3. Quantification of Evaporation Losses of Sampled Water
2.4. Groundwater Recharge Estimation Using CMB Method
2.5. Groundwater Recharge Estimation Using Water Table Fluctuation Method
3. Results
3.1. Climatology of Precipitation and Temperature in the Pra Basin
3.2. Variability in Surface Water and Groundwater and Values
3.3. Correlation between and of Water
3.4. Estimations of the Rate of Evaporation in Surface Water and Groundwater
3.5. Groundwater Recharge Estimate Using Chloride Mass Balance Method
3.6. Groundwater Recharge Estimate from Water Table Fluctuation Method
4. Discussion
4.1. Regional Climatic Conditions, Present and the Past
4.2. Isotopic Characterization of the Surface Water and Groundwater
4.3. Groundwater Recharge Estimates
5. Conclusions
- The past fifty years show a temperature increase of about 1 degree Celsius. The climatology of precipitation and temperature remain unchanged; however, a gradual decrease in precipitation can be observed for the first peak of the rainy season in June.
- Surface waters have experienced relatively high levels of evaporation due to the direct effects of prevailing climatic conditions. The relatively lower evaporation rate of groundwater is attributed to the short residence time of the infiltrating water within the evaporation extinguishing depth in the vadose zone.
- Groundwater recharge from meteoric water tends to have higher concentrations of heavier isotopes relative to the LMWL. This enrichment occurs due to significant evaporation either at the land surface or during seepage through the vadose zone. The rate of evaporation of infiltrating water is likely influenced by factors such as the thickness and composition of the material between the surface and the saturated zone, as well as the high temperatures and low relative humidity prevailing in the region.
- An integrated analysis of stable isotope data and water level measurements suggests a potential hydraulic connection between surface water and groundwater. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the isotopes of groundwater have comparatively lower values than surface water. Furthermore, the observation that the groundwater level remains constant in months with lower rainfall further supports this conclusion.
- The primary groundwater recharge area is in the northern zone, where the highest recharge occurs. The calculated recharge values show a gradual decline from the northern regions towards the southern areas of the basin.
- Groundwater recharge for the study catchment, considering the average estimate of 1.64% (WTF) and minimum annual precipitation of 1300 mm, is 228 M , which is higher than the estimated water use for the entire Pra Basin, underscoring a high potential for water supply.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Community | Northings (m) | Eastings (m) | Elevation (m) | (mg/L) | Recharge (mm) | As % of Annual Rainfall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apapaw | 765,897.0 | 680,069.0 | 362.0 | 34.9 | 48.6 | 3.2 |
Asiakwa SOS | 776,819.0 | 693,156.0 | 238.0 | 3.5 | 486.6 | 32.4 |
Jejeti | 759,161.8 | 716,496.3 | 204.0 | 9.0 | 188.8 | 12.6 |
Asubone | 754,144.0 | 724,194.0 | 219.0 | 18.7 | 90.8 | 6.1 |
Kokrompe | 751,209.0 | 715,992.0 | 205.0 | 10.4 | 163.4 | 10.9 |
Kofi dede | 735,301.0 | 732,346.0 | 225.0 | 9.2 | 184.2 | 12.3 |
Kwahu Besease | 732,647.0 | 730,776.0 | 220.0 | 38.5 | 44.0 | 2.9 |
Kwahu Oda | 731,178.0 | 728,046.0 | 201.0 | 7.9 | 214.0 | 14.3 |
Kwaben | 766,831.0 | 700,042.0 | 210.0 | 6.1 | 279.7 | 18.6 |
Akrofofo | 763,058.0 | 702,365.0 | 181.0 | 3.5 | 666.2 | 32.0 |
Asunafo | 753,556.0 | 701,388.0 | 171.0 | 3.4 | 502.5 | 33.5 |
Bomaa | 766,573.0 | 695,707.0 | 248.0 | 10.9 | 155.9 | 10.4 |
Pamang | 763,069.0 | 686,882.0 | 223.0 | 3.4 | 501.5 | 33.4 |
Kwamang | 752,530.0 | 686,709.0 | 175.0 | 4.3 | 393.3 | 26.2 |
Okyinso | 744,419.0 | 687,559.0 | 158.0 | 3.2 | 522.3 | 32.0 |
Akyem Abodom | 741,242.0 | 680,849.7 | 143.0 | 18.9 | 89.9 | 6.0 |
Subi | 7395,30.0 | 678,458.8 | 164.0 | 6.7 | 251.9 | 16.8 |
Abompe | 734,625.3 | 685,930.3 | 181.0 | 6.3 | 267.8 | 17.9 |
Otumi | 731,175.3 | 688,002.9 | 186.0 | 34.6 | 49.0 | 3.3 |
Kade | 739,619.2 | 673,085.2 | 132.0 | 35.0 | 48.4 | 3.2 |
Akwatia | 742,140.6 | 666,200.2 | 169.0 | 14.2 | 119.1 | 7.9 |
Kusi | 736,501.7 | 668,688.9 | 145.0 | 6.2 | 273.3 | 18.2 |
Awaham | 753,138.8 | 658,835.2 | 198.0 | 49.2 | 34.4 | 2.3 |
Kakoasi | 742,452.0 | 658,015.0 | 125.0 | 23.2 | 73.0 | 4.9 |
Etwereso | 705,906.0 | 664,604.8 | 140.0 | 9.3 | 181.9 | 12.1 |
Zevor | 704,904.4 | 658,538.3 | 112.0 | 16.8 | 101.0 | 6.7 |
Lebikrom | 724,448.3 | 664,516.9 | 145.0 | 5.3 | 320.1 | 21.3 |
Soabe | 730,327.1 | 663,168.4 | 136.0 | 15.9 | 106.9 | 7.1 |
Oda | 721,159.6 | 655,929.2 | 121.0 | 98.0 | 17.3 | 1.2 |
Atutumirem | 723,063.7 | 649,411.2 | 115.0 | 49.6 | 34.1 | 2.3 |
Aprade | 710,391.5 | 639,605.4 | 165.0 | 6.0 | 284.1 | 18.9 |
Kenie | 697,462.6 | 641,406.8 | 131.0 | 10.5 | 162.1 | 10.8 |
Obobakrokrowa | 701,896.6 | 645,044.1 | 126.0 | 12.5 | 135.8 | 9.1 |
Akotikrom | 704,676.7 | 649,089.0 | 129.0 | 21.5 | 78.7 | 5.2 |
Nyamebekyere | 683,039.0 | 637,611.0 | 135.2 | 12.9 | 131.4 | 8.8 |
Ababuom | 687,388.0 | 623,282.0 | 111.2 | 7.6 | 223.0 | 14.9 |
Bronokrom | 656,858.0 | 561,969.0 | 14.0 | 55.0 | 30.8 | 2.1 |
Brunokrom | 656,856.0 | 561,958.0 | 14.0 | 196.7 | 8.6 | 0.6 |
Kotogyina | 644,148.0 | 558,902.0 | 32.5 | 87.9 | 19.3 | 1.3 |
Abotere | 642,296.0 | 564,153.0 | 29.5 | 58.1 | 29.1 | 1.9 |
Dompin | 647,796.3 | 563,871.1 | 14.0 | 33.9 | 50.0 | 3.3 |
Ewiadaso | 646,686.0 | 572,168.0 | 60.0 | 27.2 | 62.4 | 4.2 |
Nyekompoe | 652,970.0 | 577,496.0 | 38.4 | 20.7 | 82.0 | 5.5 |
Essamang | 646,554.0 | 591,595.0 | 51.3 | 12.4 | 136.6 | 9.1 |
Mamponso | 651,448.0 | 600,012.0 | 40.3 | 10.0 | 169.6 | 11.3 |
Anyanasi | 654,795.0 | 618,484.0 | 68.1 | 34.2 | 49.5 | 3.3 |
Dokoro | 646,702.0 | 620,785.0 | 97.0 | 14.2 | 119.5 | 8.0 |
Somnyamekor | 656,844.5 | 625,862.5 | 84.0 | 12.0 | 141.3 | 9.4 |
Breman | 654,738.0 | 631,093.0 | 75.0 | 79.5 | 21.3 | 1.4 |
Imbrain | 636,514.0 | 642,921.0 | 141.9 | 17.5 | 96.9 | 6.5 |
Akonfudi | 686,960.0 | 644,646.0 | 98.1 | 35.8 | 47.3 | 3.2 |
Kenkuase | 671,977.0 | 618,658.0 | 94.2 | 19.6 | 86.6 | 5.8 |
Okyerekrom | 667,847.0 | 626,235.0 | 79.2 | 5.1 | 334.0 | 22.3 |
Twifo Mamp | 660,003.0 | 610,858.0 | 63.2 | 122.0 | 13.9 | 0.9 |
Wawase | 668,444.0 | 599,214.0 | 105.0 | 13.4 | 126.5 | 8.4 |
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Community | Well ID | Longitude | Latitude | Elevation (m) | Well Depth (m) | Geology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abaam | PTB 20 | −0.82403 | 6.22183 | 146 | 70.8 | Meta-sediment |
Asubone Rail | PTB 30 | −0.73244 | 6.47144 | 191 | 27.0 | Meta-sediment |
Krobo | PTB 21 | −1.60335 | 5.06144 | 13 | 56.0 | Meta-sediment |
Kwabeng | PTB 31 | −0.58864 | 6.32337 | 207 | 37.0 | Meta-sediment |
Wawase | PTB 25 | −1.48185 | 5.14681 | 59 | 20.0 | Meta-sediment |
Bronikrom | PTB 28 | −1.36528 | 6.07804 | 140 | 80.0 | Meta-sediment |
Afosu | PTB 29 | −1.00022 | 6.37052 | 187 | 48.0 | Meta-sediment |
Dunkwa-K | PTB 26 | −1.67817 | 5.92007 | 105 | 36.7 | Sandstone |
Twifo-Mamp | PTB 17 | −1.62684 | 5.66945 | 88 | 28.6 | Granite |
Atuntumirem | PTB 19 | −0.98522 | 5.87161 | 133 | 40.5 | Granite |
Material | Range of Specific Yield |
---|---|
Sandy alluvium | 0.12–0.18 |
Valley fills | 0.10–0.14 |
Silt/clay rich alluvium | 0.05–0.12 |
Sandstone | 0.01–0.08 |
Limestone | 0.03 |
Highly karstified limestone | 0.07 |
Granite | 0.02–0.04 |
Basalt | 0.01–0.03 |
Laterite | 0.02–0.04 |
Weathered phyllite, shale, schist, and associated rocks | 0.01–0.03 |
Well Location | Aquifer Material | Specific Yield () | Δh (m) 1st Wet Season | Δh (m) 2nd Wet Season | Recharge (mm) 1st Wet Season | Recharge (mm) 2nd Wet Season | Mean Recharge (mm) | As % of Annual Rainfall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abaam | Meta-sediments | 0.02 | 1.60 | 1.13 | 32.0 | 22.6 | 27.3 | 1.82 |
Asuboni | Meta-sediments | 0.02 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 17.4 | 21.4 | 19.4 | 1.29 |
Krobo | Meta-sediments | 0.02 | 1.85 | 0.15 | 37.0 | 3.0 | 20.0 | 1.33 |
Kwaben | Meta-sediments | 0.02 | 3.29 | 2.12 | 65.8 | 42.4 | 54.1 | 3.60 |
Wawaase | Meta-sediments | 0.02 | 1.24 | 0.92 | 24.8 | 18.4 | 21.6 | 1.44 |
Bronikrom | Meta-sediments | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 0.23 |
Afosu | Meta-sediments | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 17.0 | 14.8 | 15.9 | 1.06 |
Dunkwa-K | Sandstone | 0.05 | 0.73 | 0.49 | 36.5 | 24.5 | 30.5 | 2.00 |
Twifo Mamp | Granite | 0.03 | 1.47 | 0.77 | 44.1 | 23.1 | 33.6 | 2.20 |
Atutumirem | Granite | 0.03 | 1.05 | 0.98 | 21.0 | 19.9 | 20.5 | 1.40 |
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Manu, E.; De Lucia, M.; Akiti, T.T.; Kühn, M. Stable Isotopes and Water Level Monitoring Integrated to Characterize Groundwater Recharge in the Pra Basin, Ghana. Water 2023, 15, 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213760
Manu E, De Lucia M, Akiti TT, Kühn M. Stable Isotopes and Water Level Monitoring Integrated to Characterize Groundwater Recharge in the Pra Basin, Ghana. Water. 2023; 15(21):3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213760
Chicago/Turabian StyleManu, Evans, Marco De Lucia, Thomas Tetteh Akiti, and Michael Kühn. 2023. "Stable Isotopes and Water Level Monitoring Integrated to Characterize Groundwater Recharge in the Pra Basin, Ghana" Water 15, no. 21: 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213760