On Internal Erosion of the Pervious Foundation of Flood Protection Dikes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sand Boils and Sinkholes along the Agly Dikes
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Description of Geophysical Methods
3.2. Testing Protocols Followed on the Field
4. EMI and ERT Results
4.1. EMI Results
4.2. ERT Results
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- an area of conductivity measurements below 5×10−4 S/m located on the minor bed and beneath the northern and southern embankments, indicating a permeable soil layer that corresponds to old sediments that fill a paleo-valley,
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- an area with measurements of conductivity above 7×10−3 S/m located in depth, indicating a less-permeable soil layer that corresponds to a sandy-marly substrate, which includes the groundwater at the time of measurements.
5. Results Analysis
5.1. Analysis of EMI Results
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- a sandy, permeable layer (paleo-sediments) that expand from the levee toe, to up to a few tens of meters on the protected area where leaks and sand boils are observed after each flooding event.
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- a sandy, permeable layer (paleo-sediments) extending from the levee toe to up to around 20 m on the plain where leaks, sand boils and sinkholes were observed after the 2013 flooding event.
5.2. Analysis of ERT Results on Leaks and Sand Boils Locations
5.3. Analysis of ERT Results on Leaks, Sand Boils and Sinkholes Locations
6. Discussion
6.1. Remarks on the Influence of Temperature and Water Content on Resistivity Variations
6.2. Numerical Modeling: Example of Results and Comments on Hydraulic Modeling Based on ERT Measurements
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ERT Profiles | Equipment | Electrodes Spacing– Length | Array Type | Measurements Nb per Profile | Period of Measurements |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | IRIS Syscal Pro | 2–238 m | Wenner–Schlumberger | 3254 | Spring 2023 |
L2, L3 | ABEM SAS4000 | 2–126 m | Wenner-α | 472 | Spring 2023 |
L4, L5 | ABEM LS 2 | 1–63 m | Wenner-α | 472 | Spring 2022 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Girolami, L.; Bonelli, S.; Valois, R.; Chaouch, N.; Burgat, J. On Internal Erosion of the Pervious Foundation of Flood Protection Dikes. Water 2023, 15, 3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213747
Girolami L, Bonelli S, Valois R, Chaouch N, Burgat J. On Internal Erosion of the Pervious Foundation of Flood Protection Dikes. Water. 2023; 15(21):3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213747
Chicago/Turabian StyleGirolami, Laurence, Stéphane Bonelli, Rémi Valois, Naïm Chaouch, and Jules Burgat. 2023. "On Internal Erosion of the Pervious Foundation of Flood Protection Dikes" Water 15, no. 21: 3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213747