Reductive Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine via UV/Sulfite Advanced Reduction Process: Efficiency, Influencing Factors and Mechanism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Solutions
2.2. Batch Experiments
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison between Direct UV Photolysis and UV/Sulfite ARP
3.2. Effect of pH
3.3. Effect of Sulfite Dosage
3.4. Effect of UV Intensity
3.5. Effect of Dissolved Oxygen
3.6. Degradation Products of NDMA by UV/Sulfite ARP
3.7. Reaction Mechanism
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The UV/sulfite ARP was an efficient and energy saving method for the reductive degradation of NDMA. An NDMA removal efficiency of 93.29% was achieved via the UV/sulfite ARP, while only 45.48% of NDMA was removed via direct UV photolysis within the same reaction condition.
- (2)
- The degradation of NDMA via the UV/sulfite ARP was favored under alkaline conditions. The removal efficiency of NDMA increased from 21.57% to 66.79% within the initial 5 min of the reaction when the initial pH increased from 3 to 11.
- (3)
- The degradation of NDMA via the UV/sulfite ARP followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Both increasing the UV light intensity and sulfite dosage led to a proportional increase in the NDMA removal rate.
- (4)
- The presence of dissolved oxygen substantially decreased the removal efficiency of NDMA due to the formation of oxidizing superoxide radicals, which competed with NDMA by capturing the reducing active radicals during the reaction.
- (5)
- The final degradation products of NDMA via the UV/sulfite ARP were formate, ammonia and nitrogen. Some refractory intermediates such as DMA, MA and nitrite were completely decomposed via the UV/sulfite ARP.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zha, X.; Wang, S.; Zhang, D. Reductive Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine via UV/Sulfite Advanced Reduction Process: Efficiency, Influencing Factors and Mechanism. Water 2023, 15, 3670. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203670
Zha X, Wang S, Zhang D. Reductive Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine via UV/Sulfite Advanced Reduction Process: Efficiency, Influencing Factors and Mechanism. Water. 2023; 15(20):3670. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203670
Chicago/Turabian StyleZha, Xiaosong, Shuren Wang, and Deyu Zhang. 2023. "Reductive Degradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine via UV/Sulfite Advanced Reduction Process: Efficiency, Influencing Factors and Mechanism" Water 15, no. 20: 3670. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203670