Beringian Freshwater Mussel Beringiana beringiana (Unionidae) in Northeast Asia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To summarize the available data on the Beringiana distribution in Northeast Asia east of the Verkhoyansk Range and the Okhota River basin;
- To analyze the possible Beringiana dispersion pathways given the high distances between its enclaves and, in particular, the distribution of the species on the two continents.
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Distribution
3.2. Genetic Analysis
3.3. Conchological Analysis
- -
- The ratio of shell width (B) to shell height (H) characterizes the degree of prominence (a major trait) of the shell;
- -
- The ratio of the distance between the apex (M) and nymph base (N) to the shell width (B);
- -
- The ratio of the distance between the apex and the anterior margin (Lm) to the shell length (L);
- -
- The ratio of the shell height (H) to the shell length (L) characterizes the general shape of the shell.
4. Discussion
4.1. Beringiana beringiana Distribution in Northeast Asia
4.2. Temperature of B. beringiana Habitats in Northeast Asia
4.3. Genetic Studies
4.4. Morphological Variation
4.5. Freshwater Dispersal Pathways of B. beringiana
4.6. On the Possibility of B. beringiana Larva Dispersal with Fish across Seas
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population | Trait | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(M − N)/B | Lm/L | B/H | H/L | |
Kukhtuy, n = 12 | 0.83 ± 0.03 13.6 | 0.18 ± 0.01 10.1 | 0.71 ± 0.02 9.4 | 0.54 ± 0.01 4.7 |
Chukcha, n = 31 | 0.82 ± 0.02 14.5 | 0.22 ± 0.01 13.9 | 0.63 ± 0.01 13.2 | 0.60 ± 0.01 5.5 |
Ola, n = 18 | 0.96 ± 0.05 22.8 | 0.19 ± 0.01 15.1 | 0.57 ± 0.02 14.6 | 0.61 ± 0.01 4.5 |
Anadyr, n = 10 | 0.96 ± 0.04 12.8 | 0.20 ± 0.01 15.0 | 0.61 ± 0.01 6.7 | 0.57 ± 0.01 6.4 |
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Bulakhova, N.A.; Makhrov, A.A.; Lazutkin, A.N.; Shekhovtsov, S.V.; Poluboyarova, T.V.; Berman, D.I. Beringian Freshwater Mussel Beringiana beringiana (Unionidae) in Northeast Asia. Water 2023, 15, 3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203538
Bulakhova NA, Makhrov AA, Lazutkin AN, Shekhovtsov SV, Poluboyarova TV, Berman DI. Beringian Freshwater Mussel Beringiana beringiana (Unionidae) in Northeast Asia. Water. 2023; 15(20):3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203538
Chicago/Turabian StyleBulakhova, Nina A., Alexander A. Makhrov, Anatoly N. Lazutkin, Sergey V. Shekhovtsov, Tatiana V. Poluboyarova, and Daniil I. Berman. 2023. "Beringian Freshwater Mussel Beringiana beringiana (Unionidae) in Northeast Asia" Water 15, no. 20: 3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203538