Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, Water Quality, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater in Wulian, North China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Measurements
2.3. Analysis Methods
2.3.1. Analysis of Hydrochemical Composition
2.3.2. Water Quality Analysis
2.3.3. Health Risk Assessment
2.3.4. Source Identification of Nitrate
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Groundwater Chemical Characteristics
3.2. Hydrochemical Types
3.3. Groundwater Quality Assessment
3.4. Health Risk Assessment
3.5. Correlation Analysis
3.6. Gibbs Analysis of Controlling Factors of Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater
3.7. Ion Ratio Analysis
3.8. Source Identification of Nitrate Ion
3.9. Suggestions on Groundwater Development and Pollution Control in the Study Area
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HQ (Min) | HQ (Max) | HQ (Mean) | Proportion of HQ > 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | PW | 0.54 | 6.86 | 2.37 | 44% |
FPW | 0.34 | 9.37 | 5.41 | 89% | |
FW | 0.004 | 5.13 | 1.19 | 45% | |
Children | PW | 0.52 | 6.83 | 2.27 | 44% |
FPW | 0.33 | 8.99 | 5.19 | 89% | |
FW | 0.004 | 4.92 | 1.14 | 41% |
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Communalities | |
TDS | 0.99 | 0.1 | 0.99 | |
NO3− | 0.72 | −0.44 | 0.27 | 0.78 |
Mg2+ | 0.93 | 0.14 | 0.3 | 0.97 |
K+ | −0.3 | 0.9 | 0.22 | 0.95 |
TH | 0.97 | 0.22 | 0.99 | |
Na+ | 0.82 | 0.21 | −0.49 | 0.95 |
Cl− | 0.91 | −0.26 | −0.23 | 0.95 |
Ca2+ | 0.96 | −0.14 | 0.17 | 0.97 |
HCO3− | 0.9 | 0.27 | −0.18 | 0.92 |
pH | 0.51 | 0.27 | −0.69 | 0.81 |
SO42− | 0.73 | 0.58 | 0.34 | 0.98 |
Eigenvalues | 7.4 | 1.65 | 1.22 | (a) PW |
Percentage of variance (%) | 67.25 | 15.01 | 11.04 | |
Cumulative percentage of variance (%) | 67.25 | 82.26 | 93.3 | |
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Communalities | |
TDS | 1 | 1 | ||
NO3− | 0.97 | 0.96 | ||
Mg2+ | 0.94 | 0.15 | −0.29 | 0.99 |
K+ | 0.92 | 0.32 | 0.94 | |
TH | 0.91 | −0.36 | −0.17 | 0.98 |
Na+ | 0.9 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.89 |
Cl− | 0.86 | −0.49 | 0.98 | |
Ca2+ | 0.84 | −0.5 | −0.12 | 0.97 |
HCO3− | 0.79 | −0.12 | 0.54 | 0.94 |
pH | 0.3 | 0.88 | 0.88 | |
SO42− | 0.59 | −0.16 | 0.66 | 0.93 |
Eigenvalues | 7.4 | 1.65 | 1.22 | (b) FPW |
Percentage of variance (%) | 67.25 | 15.01 | 11.04 | |
Cumulative percentage of variance (%) | 67.25 | 82.26 | 93.3 | |
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Communalities | |
TDS | 0.97 | 0.18 | 0.98 | |
NO3− | 0.69 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.69 |
Mg2+ | 0.79 | −0.53 | 0.21 | 0.96 |
K+ | 0.23 | 0.67 | 0.21 | 0.55 |
TH | 0.97 | −0.22 | −0.11 | 0.99 |
Na+ | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.9 | |
Cl− | 0.52 | 0.52 | −0.32 | 0.64 |
Ca2+ | 0.92 | −0.31 | 0.95 | |
HCO3− | 0.7 | −0.54 | 0.12 | 0.79 |
pH | −0.37 | 0.75 | 0.71 | |
SO42− | 0.71 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.54 |
Eigenvalues | 5.15 | 2.44 | 1.11 | (c) FW |
Percentage of variance (%) | 46.78 | 22.14 | 10.12 | |
Cumulative percentage of variance (%) | 46.78 | 68.92 | 79.04 |
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Wang, M.; Zhang, W.; Yang, P.; Feng, J.; Zhang, R.; Gao, Z.; Jin, H.; Song, X.; Gao, X. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, Water Quality, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater in Wulian, North China. Water 2023, 15, 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020359
Wang M, Zhang W, Yang P, Feng J, Zhang R, Gao Z, Jin H, Song X, Gao X. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, Water Quality, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater in Wulian, North China. Water. 2023; 15(2):359. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020359
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Min, Wenxiu Zhang, Peng Yang, Jianguo Feng, Ruilin Zhang, Zongjun Gao, Hongjie Jin, Xiaoyu Song, and Xiaobing Gao. 2023. "Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, Water Quality, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater in Wulian, North China" Water 15, no. 2: 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020359