City Water Resource Allocation Considering Energy Consumption in Jinan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Description
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Principles of Configuration
3.2. Objective Function
- Minimal energy consumption for the water supply system. If v(i) is the water consumption coefficient of a given water source, regarding the consumed power needed to supply each unit volume of water, then differences in v(i) reflect the different energy consumption rates of various water sources. The total power consumption for the entire city’s water supply can be expressed by the following equation:
- 2.
- Minimal water shortage rate. Levels of water availability or differences in access rates and shortages across various water departments can indirectly reflect economic benefits to the recipients.
- 3.
- Prioritization of water supply. The advantages and disadvantages of various water sources are identified, along with their energy consumption per unit of water supplied, and the supply thresholds of each water source are analyzed.
3.3. Network Diagram
3.4. Analysis Process
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Unit Energy Consumption (UEC) of Water Extraction
4.1.1. Power Consumption during the Intake of Surface Water
4.1.2. Power Consumption during External Water Transfers
4.1.3. Power Consumption during the Extraction of Groundwater
4.1.4. Power Consumption of Water Reclamation
4.1.5. Power Consumption of Desalination
4.1.6. Power Consumption of Urban Water Supply, Treatment, and Distribution
4.2. Model Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Jinan’s local water use is relatively energy-efficient and that there is an inherent conflict between the health status of local springs and the utilization of groundwater.
- If energy consumption is not considered, it is feasible to use reclaimed water and externally sourced water to resolve water shortage issues. However, the growth rate of energy consumption in Jinan’s case is much higher than the increase in water supply.
- Power consumption during the extraction of groundwater is less than external water transfers.
- Considering the optimal allocation of energy consumption, the utilization of water transfers should be reduced, and the amount of groundwater extraction should be rationally increased.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sources | Stressors | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Competing Demands | Climate Change | Water Quality Constraints | Energy Constraints | Cost Constraints | |
Surface water | ▪ | ▪ | ▪ | ▪ | |
Groundwater | ▪ | ▪ | ▪ | ||
Reclaimed water | ▪ | ▪ | ▪ | ||
Yellow River water | ▪ | ▪ | ▪ | ▪ | ▪ |
Yangtze River water | ▪ | ▪ | ▪ |
SC | Surface water for urban residential use | SI | Surface water for industrial use |
SE | Surface water for urban environmental use | SA | Surface water for agricultural use |
SR | Surface water for rural residential use | TC | Transferred water supply for urban residential use |
TI | Transferred water supply for industrial use | TE | Transferred water supply for urban environmental use |
TA | Transferred water supply for agricultural use | TR | Transferred water supply for rural residential use |
GC | Groundwater for urban environmental use | GI | Groundwater for industrial use |
GE | Groundwater for urban environmental use | GA | Groundwater for agricultural use |
GR | Groundwater for rural residential use | RI | Reclaimed water for industrial use |
RE | Reclaimed water for urban environmental use | RA | Reclaimed water for agricultural use |
Administrative Division | Year(s) | Surface Water | Groundwater | External Water Transfer | Alternative Water Sources | Total Water Supply Capacity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50% | 75% | 95% | 50% | 75% | 95% | 50% | 75% | 95% | ||||
Five central districts | 2019 | 194.7 | 168.0 | 109.4 | 166.2 | 157.9 | 149.6 | 317.0 | 75.6 | 753.5 | 718.5 | 651.6 |
2030 | 194.7 | 168.0 | 109.4 | 166.2 | 157.9 | 149.6 | 364.0 | 231.7 | 956.6 | 921.5 | 854.6 | |
Changqing District | 2019 | 67.1 | 47.1 | 29.7 | 75.1 | 71.3 | 67.6 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 145.7 | 121.9 | 100.8 |
2030 | 67.1 | 47.1 | 29.7 | 75.1 | 71.3 | 67.6 | 13.0 | 27.4 | 182.6 | 158.8 | 137.7 | |
Zhangqiu City | 2019 | 79.1 | 76.4 | 28.3 | 207.8 | 197.4 | 187.0 | 82.0 | 1.0 | 369.8 | 356.8 | 298.3 |
2030 | 79.1 | 76.4 | 28.3 | 207.8 | 197.4 | 187.0 | 105.0 | 49.0 | 440.8 | 427.7 | 369.3 | |
Pingyin County | 2019 | 37.5 | 33.2 | 20.1 | 79.7 | 75.7 | 71.7 | 25.0 | 0.1 | 142.3 | 134.0 | 116.9 |
2030 | 37.5 | 33.2 | 20.1 | 79.7 | 75.7 | 71.7 | 25.0 | 12.2 | 154.3 | 146.1 | 129.0 | |
Jiyang County | 2019 | 22.0 | 8.6 | 6.2 | 95.4 | 90.6 | 85.8 | 169.0 | 2.1 | 288.5 | 270.4 | 263.2 |
2030 | 22.0 | 8.6 | 6.2 | 95.4 | 90.6 | 85.8 | 189.0 | 18.1 | 324.4 | 306.3 | 299.1 | |
Shanghe County | 2019 | 27.2 | 7.6 | 7.0 | 107.4 | 102.0 | 96.6 | 72.0 | 0.6 | 207.1 | 182.2 | 176.2 |
2030 | 27.2 | 7.6 | 7.0 | 107.4 | 102.0 | 96.6 | 72.0 | 17.2 | 223.8 | 198.8 | 192.9 | |
Total | 2019 | 427.5 | 340.9 | 200.7 | 731.5 | 694.9 | 658.3 | 668.0 | 80.0 | 1906.9 | 1783.7 | 1606.9 |
2030 | 427.5 | 340.9 | 200.7 | 731.5 | 694.9 | 658.3 | 768.0 | 355.5 | 2282.5 | 2159.3 | 1982.5 |
Model | Surface Water | Ground Water | Reclaimed Water | Yellow River Water | Yangtze River Water | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GM * | 426.9 | 663.5 | 355.5 | 468.0 | 200.0 | 2214.0 |
LM * | 426.9 | 731.5 | 355.5 | 568.0 | 132.1 | 2214.0 |
Administrative Division | 2019 | 2030 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WS | WSR | EC0 | WS | WSR | EC1 | EC2 | |
Five central districts | 688.0 | 0.5 | 281.4 | 956.6 | 0.7 | 447.3 | 429.7 |
Changqing District | 132.0 | 0.4 | 28.4 | 175.8 | 0.0 | 60.3 | 44.9 |
Zhangqiu city | 330.0 | 3.8 | 99.7 | 370.4 | 1.9 | 130.3 | 130.3 |
Pingyin County | 114.0 | 2.8 | 35.7 | 130.9 | 0.8 | 50.7 | 41.5 |
Jiyang County | 306.0 | 1.3 | 143.0 | 345.3 | 0.9 | 207.0 | 176.1 |
Shanghe County | 195.0 | 2.1 | 49.6 | 235.0 | 2.5 | 115.1 | 97.3 |
Total | 1764.0 | 1.7 | 637.6 | 2214.0 | 1.1 | 1010.6 | 919.8 |
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Yang, Z.; Kondolf, G.M.; Du, J.; Cai, L. City Water Resource Allocation Considering Energy Consumption in Jinan, China. Water 2023, 15, 3016. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15163016
Yang Z, Kondolf GM, Du J, Cai L. City Water Resource Allocation Considering Energy Consumption in Jinan, China. Water. 2023; 15(16):3016. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15163016
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Zhaohui, G. Mathias Kondolf, Jie Du, and Luyao Cai. 2023. "City Water Resource Allocation Considering Energy Consumption in Jinan, China" Water 15, no. 16: 3016. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15163016