Water Temperature Changes Related to Strong Earthquakes: The Case of the Jinjia Well, Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Observational Background
3. Water Temperature Changes
3.1. Standard Deviation of Normal Water Temperature Changes
3.2. Coseismic Water Temperature Changes
3.3. Preseismic Water Temperature Changes
4. Analysis of Preseismic Water Temperature Changes Using the Molchan Error Diagram
5. Discussion
5.1. Characteristics of Water Temperature Changes before Earthquakes
5.2. Influence of Sensor Location on Water Temperature
5.3. Mechanism of Water Temperature Anomalies
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- After abnormal changes in water temperature, moderate to strong earthquakes occurred in the surrounding region. The preseismic change of the Jinjia well is rising-recovery (rising to a high value and continuing for a period of time before decreasing or quickly recovering), with an amplitude range of 0.007–0.07 °C. The maximum change (0.07 °C) occurred before the largest earthquake, which was the M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. The abnormal duration is 34–242 days.
- (2)
- Using the Molchan error diagram, the optimum threshold is 16.9533 °C, and the most likely time for an earthquake to occur is within approximately 4 months after the water temperature exceeds the threshold.
- (3)
- When the temperature sensor was installed at 130 m depth, the ratio of coseismic and preseismic changes for the earthquakes with seismic energy density above 10−3 J·m−3 was higher than that of the sensor at 135 m. The shorter the distance between the sensor and the fault, the higher the probability of water temperature changes related to earthquakes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date (d/m/y) | Longitude (E°) | latitude (N°) | Magnitude (Mw) | Location | Epicentral Distance, r (km) | e (J·m−3) | Duration (d) | Anomaly (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 July 2003 | 101.29 | 25.98 | 6.0 | Dayao | 146 | 8.4 × 10−3 | 242 | 0.01 |
3 June 2007 | 101.05 | 23.03 | 6.1 | Ninger | 436 | 4.3 × 10−4 | 40 | 0.03 |
12 May 2008 | 103.32 | 31.00 | 7.9 | Wenchuan | 549 | 8.8 × 10−2 | 231 | 0.07 |
30 August 2008 | 101.89 | 26.24 | 6.0 | Panzhihua | 180 | 4.5 × 10−3 | 34 | 0.007 |
9 July 2009 | 101.10 | 25.63 | 5.7 | Yaoan | 163 | 2.2 × 10−3 | 222 | 0.016 |
Observation Station | Earthquake (Year) | Magnitude (M) | Extent of Anomaly (°C) | Type of Anomaly | Duration (d) | Epicentral Distance (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
spring, Japan a | Izu-Oshima-kinkai (1978) Izu-Hanto-Toho-Oki (1980) | 7.0 6.7 | 1~2 | rising | ~3–300 | 16–31 |
spa, Japan b | Tohoku in 2011 | 9.0 | 1~2 | declining | ~90 | 155 |
well, China c | Wenchuan (2008 and others) | 5.0–7.9 | 0.01–0.03 | declining-recovery | 29–127 | 22–690 |
well, China d | Wenchuan (2008 and others) | 6.0–7.9 | 0.007–0.07 | rising-recovery | 34–242 | 100–560 |
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Yang, Z.; Chen, S.; Liu, Q.; Chen, L. Water Temperature Changes Related to Strong Earthquakes: The Case of the Jinjia Well, Southwest China. Water 2023, 15, 2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162905
Yang Z, Chen S, Liu Q, Chen L. Water Temperature Changes Related to Strong Earthquakes: The Case of the Jinjia Well, Southwest China. Water. 2023; 15(16):2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162905
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Zhuzhuan, Shunyun Chen, Qiongying Liu, and Lichun Chen. 2023. "Water Temperature Changes Related to Strong Earthquakes: The Case of the Jinjia Well, Southwest China" Water 15, no. 16: 2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162905