Water-Level Fluctuations and Ungulate Community Dynamics in Central Uganda
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Scientific Name | Food Preferences | Habitat Preferences | Temporal Activity Pattern | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bushbuck | Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas, 1766 | Primarily Browser | Generalist, some cover | Crepuscular | [38] |
Bushpig | Potamochoerus larvatus F. Cuvier, 1822 | Omnivorous | Dense vegetation, forests, thickets | Primarily nocturnal | [39] |
Domestic Cattle | Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 | Grazing | NA | NA | |
Hippopotamus | Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758 | Grazing | Water, grassland/bushland | Nocturnal | [21,40] |
Sitatunga | Tragelaphus spekii Speke, 1863 | Selective mixed feeder | Dense wetlands | Diurnal | [22] |
Warthog | Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin, 1788 | Grazing, rooting | Generalist, open | Generally diurnal | [37] |
Waterbuck | Kobus ellipsiprymnus Ogilby, 1833 | Grazer-browser | Generalist, near permanent water | Diurnal | [20,36] |
Species | Zone | 2015 Camera Days | 2015 Encounters | 2015 Proportion | 2016 Camera Days | 2016 Encounters | 2016 Proportion | 2017 Camera Days | 2017 Encounters | 2017 Proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bushbuck | Forest | 318 | 46 ‡ | 0.145 | 286 | 105 ‡ | 0.367 | 168 | 116 ‡ | 0.690 |
Bushpig | Forest | 318 | 24 ‡ | 0.075 | 286 | 22 ‡ | 0.077 | 168 | 53 ‡ | 0.315 |
Cattle | Forest | 318 | 9 ‡ | 0.028 | 286 | 10 ‡ | 0.035 | 168 | 20 ‡ | 0.119 |
Hippopotamus | Forest | 318 | 10 ‡ | 0.031 | 286 | 26 ‡ | 0.091 | 168 | 22 ‡ | 0.131 |
Sitatunga | Forest | 318 | 33 ‡ | 0.104 | 286 | 4 ‡ | 0.014 | 168 | 0 ‡ | 0 |
Warthog | Forest | 318 | 17 ‡ | 0.053 | 286 | 3 ‡ | 0.010 | 168 | 14 ‡ | 0.083 |
Waterbuck | Forest | 318 | 32 ‡ | 0.101 | 286 | 40 ‡ | 0.140 | 168 | 59 ‡ | 0.351 |
Sitatunga | Shoreline | 98 | 15 ‡ | 0.153 | 508 | 25 ‡ | 0.049 | † | † | † |
Waterbuck | River | 1357 | 0 | 0 | 587 | 6 | 0.010 | 1012 | 0 | 0 |
Bushbuck | River | 1357 | 0 | 0 | 587 | 0 | 0 | 1012 | 1 | 0.001 |
Bushpig | River | 1357 | 0 | 0 | 587 | 0 | 0 | 1012 | 2 | 0.002 |
Hippopotamus | River | 1357 | 0 | 0 | 587 | 0 | 0 | 1012 | 17 | 0.017 |
Sitatunga | River | 1357 | 157 ‡ | 0.116 | 587 | 54 ‡ | 0.092 | 1012 | 127 ‡ | 0.125 |
Species | Zone | Comparison | χ2 | p-Value | Comparison | χ2 | p-Value | Comparison | χ2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bushbuck | Forest | 15, 16 | 38.572 | 5.23 × 10−10 *† | 16, 17 | 43.006 | 5.46 × 10−11 *† | 15, 17 | 14493 | 2.2 × 10−16 *† |
Bushpig | Forest | 15, 16 | 6.35 × 10−30 | 1 | 16, 17 | 41.959 | 9.32 × 10−11 *† | 15, 17 | 45.707 | 1.37 × 10−11 *† |
Cattle | Forest | 15, 16 | 0.055218 | 0.8142 | 16, 17 | 10.8 | 0.001015 *† | 15, 17 | 14.556 | 0.000136 *† |
Hippopotamus | Forest | 15, 16 | 8.4675 | 0.003616 *† | 16, 17 | 1.3963 | 0.2373 | 15, 17 | 16.115 | 5.96 × 10−5 *† |
Sitatunga | Forest | 15, 16 | 19.577 | 9.66 × 10−6 *‡ | 16, 17 | 1.0395 | 0.0379 *‡ | 15, 17 | 17.1 | 3.55 × 10−5 *‡ |
Warthog | Forest | 15, 16 | 7.3935 | 0.006546 *‡ | 16, 17 | 13.625 | 0.000223 *† | 15, 17 | 1.1807 | 0.2772 |
Waterbuck | Forest | 15, 16 | 1.8494 | 0.1739 | 16, 17 | 26.494 | 2.64 × 10−7 *† | 15, 17 | 43.717 | 3.8 × 10−11 *† |
Sitatunga | Shoreline | 15, 16 | 12.736 | 0.000359 *‡ | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Sitatunga | River | 15, 16 | 2.1406 | 0.1434 | 16, 17 | 3.8266 | 0.05045 | 15, 17 | 0.43864 | 0.5078 |
Species | Zone | Comparison | Cohen’s h | Comparison | Cohen’s h | Comparison | Cohen’s h |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bushbuck | Forest | 15, 16 | 0.50 | 16, 17 | 0.66 | 15, 17 | 1.15 |
Bushpig | Forest | -- | -- | 16, 17 | 0.63 | 15, 17 | 0.64 |
Cattle | Forest | -- | -- | 16, 17 | 0.33 | 15, 17 | 0.37 |
Hippopotamus | Forest | 15, 16 | 0.26 | -- | -- | 15, 17 | 0.38 |
Sitatunga | Forest | 15, 16 | 0.42 | 16, 17 | 0.24 | 15, 17 | 0.66 |
Warthog | Forest | 15, 16 | 0.26 | 16, 17 | 0.38 | -- | -- |
Waterbuck | Forest | -- | -- | 16, 17 | 0.50 | 15, 17 | 0.62 |
Sitatunga | Shoreline | 15, 16 | 0.36 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
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Warbington, C.H.; Boyce, M.S. Water-Level Fluctuations and Ungulate Community Dynamics in Central Uganda. Water 2023, 15, 2765. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152765
Warbington CH, Boyce MS. Water-Level Fluctuations and Ungulate Community Dynamics in Central Uganda. Water. 2023; 15(15):2765. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152765
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarbington, Camille H., and Mark S. Boyce. 2023. "Water-Level Fluctuations and Ungulate Community Dynamics in Central Uganda" Water 15, no. 15: 2765. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152765