Exploring the Integration of Rice and Aquatic Species: Insights from Global and National Experiences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
3. Rice–Aquatic Species Integration System (RASp)
3.1. Species, Feed, and Productivity (Profitability)
3.2. Water Quality, Soil, and Requirement for Water Levels
3.3. Land Use Efficiency (LUE), Labor Use Efficiency (LBUE), and Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
3.4. Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
4. Benefits of Rice–Aquatic Species (RASp) Integration
4.1. Social-Economic Benefits
4.2. Environmental Benefits
4.2.1. Biodiversity
4.2.2. Water Resources, Nutrient
4.2.3. Groundwater Recharge, Water Storage, and Climate
5. Case Studies
5.1. Worldwide Case Studies
5.2. National Case Studies
6. Sustainable Rice–Aquatic Species
7. Constraints and Challenges
8. Future Prospects
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Productivity (kg/ha/Season) | Fish Species | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice Mono- | Fish | Rice | |||
Bangladesh | 4702 | 259 | 5261 | C. carpio, B. gonionotus, O. niloticus | [30] |
4188 | 485 | 4736 | [31] | ||
- | 1453 | 2257 | Prawn & fish | [32] | |
- | 827 | 2352 | [33] | ||
- | 1080 | 3800–5000 | B. gonionotus, O. niloticus | [34,35] | |
Indonesia | - | 300–890 | 6380–7780 | C. carpio, B. gonionotus | [7,36] |
China | 7915–10,319 | 1900–2500 | 8300–12,000 | C. carpio, B. gonionotus | [15,37] |
372 | 6290 | C. carpio var. color | [38] | ||
India | 5560 | 1230 | 5800 | Rohu, Catla, Silver carp, Common carp, & Mrigal | [39] |
- | 1144 | 3300 | C. catla, C. carpio, C. mrigala, L. rohita | [16] | |
3362 | 980 | 3629 | C. catla, L. rohita, C. mrigala, C. carpio & M. rosenbergii | [40] | |
- | 1300–2000 | 3000–3600 | B. gonionotus, C. catla, C. mrigala | [41] | |
Ghana | - | 201 | 4410 | Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) | [17] |
Vietnam | - | 325–1218 | 2182 | Mud Carp, Chub, Carp | [42] |
- | 1024–2200 | 5700–6806 | C. carpio, B. gonionotus, O. niloticus | [35,43,44] | |
- | 326 | 4209 | [45] | ||
Thailand | - | 173 | 363 | [46] | |
- | 900–1100 | - | [47] | ||
4700 | 300 | 3600 | O. niloticus, C. striata, C. carpio, B. gonionotus, C. cirrhosus, P. jullieni, C. batrachus | [48] | |
Japan | 4061–5319 | 345 | 4871–6381 | Carassius complex, Goldfish | [49] |
Nepal | 3370 | 354 | 3670 | Common carp (C. carpio) | [50] |
Farming | Crop | Type of Study | WUE (Kg/m3) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture (river water) | Rice | Crop production & land use a | 0.74 | [74,75] |
Experimental a | 0.85–1.6 | [76,77] | ||
Review a | 1.09 | [78] | ||
Aquaculture | Fish | Assessment a | 0.21–0.37 | [79] |
Review a | 0.36 | [80] | ||
Experimental a | 0.207 | [26] | ||
Integrated | Rice–aquatic species | Assessment b | 1.21 | [31] |
Pig–rice–catfish | Experimental b | 4.31 | [26] |
Location | Starting Year | Reference |
---|---|---|
East Asia | In China, about 2000 years ago, in the era of the Han Dynasty | [43,45,49,62,88,111,112] |
The 1950s in Korea | ||
1943s in Japan | ||
Southeast Asia | The Ciamis area of West Java, and Indonesia, even before 1860 | [5,36,43,45,46,47,48,54,62,66,100,101] |
Over 200 years ago in Thailand | ||
1954–1974 in the Philippines | ||
1928 in Malaysia | ||
Kerala, Sri Lanka, Cambodia | ||
1975 in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta | ||
South Asia | In India dates back almost 1500 years ago | [30,31,32,33,39,55,62] |
1980 in Bangladesh | ||
Australia | Started in Southern New South Wales with carp in the rice field | [62] |
Africa, the Middle East, and West Asia | 1900 in Madagascar | [27,62] |
1953 in Malawi | ||
1992–1993 in Zambia | ||
1989 in Senegal | ||
1970 in Egypt | ||
1997 in Iran | ||
Europe | At the end of the 19th century in Italy | [62,73,76,113] |
In the early 1900, in Hungary | ||
Danube Delta region | ||
South America and the Caribbean | 1940s in South America (10 countries) and the Caribbean (8 countries) Such as Brazil, Haiti, Panama, and Peru | [62,114] |
US | 1954s in The United States (US) | [62] |
Location | Principle Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|
China | The addition of Azolla (utilized as bio-fertilizer, fixed about 450 kg of N/ha annually, substitute 50% urea) to fish-rice culture increases fish yield by 70% more than without Azolla. | [120] |
In RASp, plantings with a high density (20 cm × 30 cm) yield more rice than those with a medium density (30 cm × 30 cm) or a low density (40 cm × 30 cm). | [121] | |
Integrating rice and aquatic species intensively is an effective method for decreasing hypoxia in culture ponds. | [57] | |
Vietnam & China | Fish have the potential to effectively combat pests and diseases, as evidenced by their ability to decrease the population of herbivorous insects and weeds, as well as reduce the use of pesticides by 23.4–65%. Fish also lowered the abundance of invertebrate predators by 19.48% while increasing the richness and biomass of the ecosystem by 67.62% and 62.01%, respectively. Moreover, co-cultivating fish with rice in a recirculating aquaponic system (RASp) improved soil fertility and led to a 10.33% increase in economic value compared to monoculture. | [43,122] |
Bangladesh | The RASp cultivation was seen as more gainful (remunerative) than rice monoculture regarding net return and benefit-cost ratio. Depending on the efficiency and productivity, tilapia or common carp can be cultured with rice using the suggested fertilizer. | [123] |
Bangladesh and Vietnam | Fish farming has traditionally been done in rice fields that are either medium-flooded (50–150 cm) or deep-flooded (150–250 cm). | [35] |
Myanmar | Concurrent rice–aquatic species (RASp) integration could maintain rice production relative to rice monoculture, with the added benefit of fish as a more nutritious food and higher value commodity, however, despite the fact that this has not yet been tested on a large scale. | [124] |
India | Around USD 900 earnings can be created from 1 ha RASp integration, while USD 720 can be obtained from rice monoculture, whereas the income from the RASp integration is roughly 26.1% higher than monoculture. | [39] |
Louisiana/US | Increase the yield of both Procambarus clarkia and Oryza sativa when they are cultivated together in the same field. | [125] |
Nigeria | Fish–pig–rice integration reduces waste and input and increases productivity. | [26] |
Main Findings | Reference |
---|---|
Limited tests were applied to rice–carp at the beginning of the 1970s with reinforcing results. | [130] |
The rice–aquatic species cultivating region extended significantly utilizing reclaimed salt-impacted lands and, in 1989, reached a peak of 225,000 ha. As rice costs increased, however, high-yielding varieties (HYVs) were embraced, and reclamation areas were utilized for rice monoculture. By 1995, the area containing RASp integration had shrunk to 172,800 ha. Regardless the 1995 fish production from rice fields represented 32% of the total aquaculture production in the country. | [131] |
In 1997, 73,500 tonnes of C. carpio were produced from the addition of 58,000 ha of cultivable area. | [132] |
Determine which fish species (C. carpio or O. niloticus) are most suitable to stock rice fields. At the conclusion of the experiment, the average body weight of C. Carpio rose from 11.7 g to 154.5 g, while that of O. niloticus climbed from 26.2 g to 176.8 g. It was advised to cultivate tilapia rather than C. carp in rice fields because of the high selling price of tilapia. | [133] |
In 2008, a significant increase in the aquaculture industry from rice paddies began. This brought in a limitation of freshwater shortage joined, and the high-water requirements for rice farming necessitated the integration of fish farms with rice ranches. Public authority farmers provide free supplies from the fingerlings of common carp to support this farming approach in Egypt. In 2009, the full production reached 37,700 t from fish in rice fields. | [134,135] |
Fish output in rice fields climbed from 10,000 t in 1999 to 34,000 t in 2014, with tilapia representing around 48% of the total performance and catfish and common carp making up the remaining 50%. | [136] |
The production declined from 34,000 t drastically to 17,500 t, 13,535 t, 7700 t, 11,800 t, and 15,893 t in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 respectively. | [137,138] |
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Ibrahim, L.A.; Shaghaleh, H.; Abu-Hashim, M.; Elsadek, E.A.; Hamoud, Y.A. Exploring the Integration of Rice and Aquatic Species: Insights from Global and National Experiences. Water 2023, 15, 2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152750
Ibrahim LA, Shaghaleh H, Abu-Hashim M, Elsadek EA, Hamoud YA. Exploring the Integration of Rice and Aquatic Species: Insights from Global and National Experiences. Water. 2023; 15(15):2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152750
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Lubna A., Hiba Shaghaleh, Mohamed Abu-Hashim, Elsayed Ahmed Elsadek, and Yousef Alhaj Hamoud. 2023. "Exploring the Integration of Rice and Aquatic Species: Insights from Global and National Experiences" Water 15, no. 15: 2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152750
APA StyleIbrahim, L. A., Shaghaleh, H., Abu-Hashim, M., Elsadek, E. A., & Hamoud, Y. A. (2023). Exploring the Integration of Rice and Aquatic Species: Insights from Global and National Experiences. Water, 15(15), 2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152750