Experimental Study of Roughness Reduction of Large Aqueducts in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Fangshui River Aqueduct
2.2. Application of Drag-Reduction Coating
2.3. Calculation of Roughness and Error Analysis
2.4. Field Observation Schemes
2.4.1. Field Observation in 2021
- Scheduling scheme
- 2.
- Observation scheme
2.4.2. Field Observation in 2023
- 1.
- Scheduling scheme
- 2.
- Observation scheme
3. Field Observation Results
3.1. Results and Errors for 2021
3.2. Results and Errors for 2023
4. Discussion
4.1. Error Sensitivity Analysis
4.2. Comparison of Results from Field Observations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Type | Model or Specification | Main Performance Indicators | Measurements | Year of Observation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Radar water level gauge | HZ-RLS-26L-50 | Range: 0.25–15 m; Range hole: 0.25 m; Range accuracy: ±2 mm | Water level | 2021/2023 |
2 | ADCP | SonTek RiverSurveyor | Velocity measurement range: ±10 m/s; Resolution: 0.001 m/s; Accuracy: ±1% | Discharge | 2023 |
3 | Remotely controlled, unmanned ship system | Nortek USV | Scope of application: rivers or channels with a velocity of 0–5 m/s | / | 2023 |
4 | Electronic level | Leica SPRINTER 100/100M | Elevation measurement accuracy: 2.0 mm; Distance measurement accuracy: standard deviation = 1‰ of the measured value; Distance measurement range: 2–80 m | Elevation | 2021/2023 |
5 | Rangefinder | Leica D5 | Measuring range: 0.05–200 m; Measuring accuracy: ±1.0 mm | Distance | 2021/2023 |
6 | Electromagnetic flowmeter | ACM2-RS | Measuring range: ±2.50 m/s; Measuring accuracy: ±0.005 m/s or ±2% (0–±1 m/s); Resolution: 0.001 m/s; | Flow velocity | 2021 |
Working Condition | Aqueduct Body | Water Depth at the Upstream Measurement Cross-Section (m) | Water Depth at the Downstream Measurement Cross-Section (m) | Cross-Sectional Average Flow Velocity (m/s) | Flow Rate (m3/s) | Roughness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#1_2021_Before | #1 | 3.519 | 3.470 | 2.217 | 53.216 | 0.0130 |
#1_2021_After | #1 | 3.462 | 3.441 | 2.305 | 54.859 | 0.0105 |
#2_2021_Before | #2 | 3.476 | 3.438 | 2.079 | 49.530 | 0.0132 |
#2_2021_After | #2 | 3.468 | 3.443 | 2.110 | 50.342 | 0.0120 |
Working Condition | Aqueduct Body #1 | Aqueduct Body #2 | Aqueduct Body #3 | Aqueduct Outlet |
---|---|---|---|---|
#1_2023_After | 45.431 | 0.000 | 42.748 | 87.794 |
#2_2023_After | 10.907 | / | 10.376 | 86.933 |
Working Condition | Aqueduct Body | Water Depth at the Upstream Measurement Cross-Section (m) | Water Depth at the Downstream Measurement Cross-Section (m) | Cross-Sectional Average Flow Velocity (m/s) | Flow Rate (m3/s) | Roughness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#1_2023_After | #1 | 4.015 | 4.012 | 1.631 | 45.431 | 0.0135 |
#2_2023_After | #2 | 4.202 | 4.135 | 2.269 | 65.650 | 0.0147 |
Item | 2021 | 2023 | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Before Reduction | Immediately after Reduction | Two Years after Reduction | ||
Roughness of aqueduct body 1 | 0.0130 | 0.0105 | 0.0135 | Cleaning and coating |
Roughness of aqueduct body 2 | 0.0132 | 0.0120 | 0.0147 | Cleaning |
Difference in the roughnesses of aqueduct bodies 1 and 2 | 0.0002 | 0.0015 | 0.0012 | Including the difference in background roughness |
0 | 0.0013 | 0.0010 | Excluding the difference in background roughness |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Cui, W.; Chen, W.; Mu, X.; Xiong, Q.; Li, J.; Li, X.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, Z. Experimental Study of Roughness Reduction of Large Aqueducts in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Water 2023, 15, 2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142640
Cui W, Chen W, Mu X, Xiong Q, Li J, Li X, Liu Z, Zhang Z. Experimental Study of Roughness Reduction of Large Aqueducts in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Water. 2023; 15(14):2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142640
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Wei, Wenxue Chen, Xiangpeng Mu, Qilin Xiong, Junqiang Li, Xiaochen Li, Zhe Liu, and Zheqi Zhang. 2023. "Experimental Study of Roughness Reduction of Large Aqueducts in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project" Water 15, no. 14: 2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142640