Denitrification Assays for Testing Effects of Xenobiotics on Aquatic Denitrification and Their Degradation in Aquatic Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of the Laboratory Denitrification Assays
2.2. Procedure
- (1)
- Initial NO3-N concentrations (pre-test, 20–40 mg L−1; test, 15 and 30 mg L−1) (test conditions: 12.5 g L−1 wood shavings, 10–15 mm fraction, and 0.5 g L−1 NaHCO3);
- (2)
- Concentrations of poplar wood shavings (7.5, 12.5, and 25 g L−1) (test conditions: 10–15 mm fraction, 0.5 g L−1 NaHCO3, and 15 mg L−1 NO3-N);
- (3)
- Fraction of wood shavings (0.5–1.0 cm and 1.0–1.5 cm) (test conditions: 12.5 g L−1 wood shavings, 0.5 g L−1 NaHCO3, and 15 mg L−1 NO3-N);
- (4)
- Concentrations of NaHCO3 (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g L−1) (test conditions: 12.5 g L−1 wood shavings, 10–15 mm fraction, and 15 mg L−1 NO3-N).
2.3. Validation of Tests with Metolachlor
2.4. Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Evaluation of the SBA and LSA Optimization
3.2. Validation of the Methodology by Testing the Effects of Metolachlor
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Description | Additional Reagents Added after 48 h |
---|---|---|
C (Control) | Denitrification unaffected | 0.1 mL of pure methanol per L of sample |
T1 | Xenobiotics affect denitrification; xenobiotics can undergo adsorption and decomposition | 0.1 mL of the tested xenobiotics per L of sample (conc.: 1000 mg L−1 in pure methanol solution) |
T2 | Inhibitor stops denitrification; xenobiotics can undergo only adsorption | 0.1 mL of the tested xenobiotics per L of sample (conc.: 1000 mg L−1 in pure methanol solution) + 3.8 mL HgCl2 (123.5 mg L−1) |
Tested Variable | Results |
---|---|
Concentration of wood chips: 7.5 (low), 12.5 (mid), 25 g L−1 (high) | COD: high (390 ± 70) > mid (147 ± 5) > low (83 ± 10) rD: high (1.6 ± 0.01) ~ mid (1.3 ± 0.2) ~ low (1.5 ± 0.2) turb: high (20.6 ± 2.8) ~ mid (13.8 ± 4.1) ~ low (7.7 ± 0.3), high > low |
Concentration of NaHCO3: 0.0 (zero), 0.5 (low), 1.0 (mid), 2.0 g L−1 (high) | pH: zero (6.5 ± 0.2) < low (7.5 ± 0.05) < mid (7.8 ± 0.08) < high (8.2 ± 0.02) rD: zero (0.8 ± 0.1) < low (1.3 ± 0.1) ~ mid (1.2 ± 0.2) ~ high (1.1 ± 0.1) |
Starting NO3-N: 15 mg L−1 (low), 30 mg L−1 (high) | COD: low (173 ± 12) ~ high (180 ± 14) End NOx-N: low (11.0 ± 0.4) < high (21.5 ± 0.3) rD: low (0.6 ± 0.06) < high (1.2 ± 0.04) |
Fraction of wood shavings: 5–10 (low), 10–15 mm (high) | COD: high (143 ± 30) ~ low (119 ± 10) rD: high (1.5 ± 0.1) ~ low (1.5 ± 0.3) turb: high (10.1 ± 1.4) ~ low (10.3 ± 1.9) |
Purging with Ar | DO after 2 days: yes (0.3 ± 0.03) < no (0.8 ± 0.1) DO after 7 days: yes (0.2 ± 0.01) < no (0.4 ± 0.08) rD: yes (0. 6 ± 0.06) < no (1.0 ± 0.17) |
pH | DO (mg L−1) | COD (mg L−1) | NO2-N (mg L−1) | rD (mg L−1 d−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBA | C | 7.52 | 0.30 | 230 | 0.15 | 2.84 |
T1 | 7.61 | 0.23 | 230 | 0.15 | 3.56 | |
T2 | 7.66 | 7.67 | 290 | 0.99 | 0.20 | |
LSA1 | C | 7.71 | 2.46 | 120 | 0.11 | 1.59 |
T1 | 7.76 | 2.35 | 100 | 0.07 | 1.68 | |
T2 | 7.67 | 0.39 | 170 | 0.16 | 0.34 | |
LSA2 | C | 7.67 | 2.51 | 130 | 0.08 | 1.49 |
T1 | 7.65 | 1.63 | 140 | 0.16 | 1.55 | |
T2 | 7.75 | 8.27 | 310 | 0.16 | 0.08 |
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Pániková, K.; Weigelhofer, G.; Bílková, Z.; Malá, J. Denitrification Assays for Testing Effects of Xenobiotics on Aquatic Denitrification and Their Degradation in Aquatic Environments. Water 2023, 15, 2536. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142536
Pániková K, Weigelhofer G, Bílková Z, Malá J. Denitrification Assays for Testing Effects of Xenobiotics on Aquatic Denitrification and Their Degradation in Aquatic Environments. Water. 2023; 15(14):2536. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142536
Chicago/Turabian StylePániková, Kristína, Gabriele Weigelhofer, Zuzana Bílková, and Jitka Malá. 2023. "Denitrification Assays for Testing Effects of Xenobiotics on Aquatic Denitrification and Their Degradation in Aquatic Environments" Water 15, no. 14: 2536. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142536